Sunday, March 31, 2019

Literature Review on Preconception Counseling and Education

Literature Review on Pre caprice counsel and EducationReview of literature is an essential step in the increase of a research project. It helps the researcher to design the proposed lead in a scientific manner. So as to achieved the desired result.In this chapter the researcher forget present the review of literature in the following heading.Section-I Studies relate to grandeur of unfairness counseling and wellness bringing up.Section-II Studies related to Knowledge and position regarding unfairness make verboten.Section-III Studies related to Use of vitamin supplements prior to maternity.Section-IV Studies related to Health sentiency and promotional material on bias careSection-V Studies related to Betty Neumanns system laySECTION-I STUDIES tie in TO PRECONCEPTION COUNSELLING AND HEALTH EDUCATIONBastani, Hashemi, Bastani, Haghani., (2010) conducted a lease, among the women attending premarital clinics in Iran which was aimed to assess the impact of a health educa tion store on their health locus of supremacy and self-efficacy in visible activity. randomised manageled trial was enjoymentd as the design for the theatre. A questionnaire was utilise originally and after the intervention. There were signifi green goddesst increases in scores of internal health locus of control and self-efficacy in the experimental group that is among the 109 haves in the post-intervention. Compared to the control group that is among 101 samples. Short-term health education can pass the women to adapt to the healthy lifestyles.Berghella,Buchanan, Pereira, Baxter., (2010) conducted study on the avail subject literature, on bias care. They have searched in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and PUBMED from 1966 until January 2009. The target audience was Obstetricians Gynecologists, Family Physicians and adolescence. When they completed the educational programme, the musician was having acquaintance to assess the potential benefits for women and their bab y that which results from the prejudice care.Jong-Potjer LC de, Elsinga, et.al., (2006) conducted a study on Preconception rede can boil down negative pregnancy problems by finding the guess factors before pregnancy in Netherlands. randomize trial of women aged 18-40years were engaged as sample in the study. The concern level was assessed among the women. After the Preconception care there was strand an just decrease of 3.6 points in anxiety-levels (95% CI, 2.4 4.8). Mean scores of the STAI-3 were 38.5 (95% CI 37.7 39.3) in the control group (n = 1090) and 38.7 (95% CI 37.9 39.5) in the intervention group (n = 1186). Study be that anxiety reduced after participation due to the effect of steering. therefore the offer of Preconception counselling to the general population is impressive to reduce anxiety.SECTION-II STUDIES RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE REGARDING THE PRECONCEPTION businessCoonrod, Bruce, Malcolm, Drachman, Frey., (2009) conducted a study to find out the knowledge and attitudes regarding preconception care in a low-income Mexican American population. A cross-sectional survey was used and the sample size was 305. 89% agree that improving preconception health benefits pregnancy. 77% expressed some interest in preconception health care. Areas of high up knowledge included were the folic acidulous use in pregnancy use of alcohol and verbal, physical, and sexual abuse. The samples showed interest in the preconception education and agreed that preconception health will have positive effect on pregnancy outcomes.Maria , Morgan Debra Hawks, et.al., (2006) conducted a study to describe obstetrician-gynecologists opinions regarding preconception care. The Questionnaire was send out to 1105 ACOG members. 60% was the response number. 87% of the gynecologists think that preconception counselling is outstanding and 94% think that it should be always recommend to the women planning for pregnancy. most 34% thought their patients do not pl an for their pregnancies and 49% express very few pregnant patients came for preconception counselling. Of those who obtain preconception counselling, 83% were believed to assure a healthy pregnancy because of an elevated risk for yield defects (20%).Janis Biermann, Anne Lang Dunlop, et.al., (2006) conducted cardinal program focusing the urban African-American women which has included the interconception care also. Project was aimed to reduce the key risks in the women of childbearing age. 7 out of 21 women in the IPC were identified as having a previous chronic disease. 21 out of 21 women have developed a productive plan for themselves, and they didnt become pregnant within 9 months. The success rate of the project was greater than 70% among the participants. Preconception care appeared to be effective when specific risk factors were identified and interventions were abandoned appropriately.SECTION-III STUDIES RELATED TO USE OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS preceding TO THE PREGNANCYC arl J, Hill, DA., (2009) did a study that womens diet should be supplemented with 400 microgram folic acid every day which helps in reducing neural thermionic valve defects in their babies up to 72%. Blood glucose should be controlled prior to conception helps in reducing the birth defects and pregnancy loss. Reducing the caffeine using up can reduce the risk of miscarriage. Counselling was given for women in these areas and found to be effective.Morgan LM, Major JL, Meyer RE, Mullenix A., (2009) proved that use of 400 mcg of folic acid among non-pregnant females of childbearing age in the Western North Carolina reduced the risk of neural tube defects by 50%-80. To the non-pregnant women free bottle of multivitamins was given to increase the consumption. The daily use multivitamin was increased after receiving a free three month supply.Weerd de, Sabina Thomas, Chris, Cikot, Rolf, Steegers, Eric., (2002) conducted a study to assess whether counselling the women who plans for pregna ncy to start or to continue the folic acid supplementation can improves folate location. Women and their partners who have reported folic acid supplement intake were categorized as users or nonusers of supplements. The use of folic acid intake was addressed at a subsequent preconceptional consultation. Differences between reported supplement users and nonusers before counselling as well as between assumed users and nonusers of folic acid were analyzed. A total of 111 eligible women participated. Preconceptional folic acid use can improves the folate status among women planning to conceive.SECTION-IV STUDIES RELATED TO HEALTH AWARENESS AND PROMOTION OF PRECONCEPTION CAREVause, Jones, Evans, Wilkie, Leader., (2009) conducted a study whether counselling before conception is important. After completing the knowledge survey the woman was sent for initial assessment. 400 surveys were used for the data analysis. Patients were informed about the health optimization, consumption of folic a cid, exposure to morbific disease, use of medication and use of recreational drug. Nulliparous women were found less knowledgeable. The to a greater extent educated women had more knowledge. It was suggested that the women need their physicians to educate about pre-pregnancy lifestyle.Delvoye, Guillaume, Collard, Nardella, Hannecart, Mauroy., (2009) conducted a study regarding preconception health promotion. The study results showed that preconception care was not able to provide when pregnancy was unplanned. The study proposes flour fortification with folic acid punctual immunization, continuous training of health care providers in the provision of preconception cares.Delgado CE., (2008) done a study to assess undergraduate student cognisance regarding preconception health. In the study 241 students were included as the sample. A questionnaire was intentional to assess awareness related to preconception health and pregnancy. By respond 64% the students showed a mild to moderat e level of awareness regarding preconception care. Individual student scores varied a great deal, ranging from 33% to 89% correct. Students who had previous such course containing information on pregnancy and/or child development correctly answered a greater component of items than those who had not taken such a course. Females had statistically significantly, higher awareness scores than males. Students demonstrated a high level of awareness for use of substance, a moderate level of awareness for sexually transmitted diseases and preconception care, and lower levels of awareness for folic acid, prenatal development, health, and pregnancy spacing.SECTION-V STUDIES RELATED TO BETTY NEUMANNS SYSTEM good exampleDeepa Thomas, (1998) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of instructional module on knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls in selected schools in Trivandrum. In her study she used Betty Newmans System model (1989) for creating awareness regard ing menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls.Stressors in her study were hormonal, physical and psychosocial changes and the existing superstitions and lack of knowledge of adolescent girls and the reaction was poor menstrual hygiene and maladjustment. She used two interventions in her study. The primary saloon was done by using the instructional module for providing education to the adolescent girls regarding menarche, development of secondary sexual characteristics and menstrual hygiene. In her study the secondary prevention was detection of unhygienic practices and education to correct the practices. The reconstitution in her study was the better adjustment and better hygiene.Alpha.G., (2008) conducted a study to find the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge and attitude regarding changes related to puberty and menstrual hygiene among prepubertal girls in selected schools, at Salem. In her study she used Betty Newmans System model (1989) for creating awar eness regarding menstrual hygiene among prepubertal girls.Stressors in her study were the physical and psychosocial changes related to puberty. She used one intervention in her study. The primary prevention was done through structured teaching programme on changes related to puberty and menstrual hygiene. The reconstitution in her study was the better knowledge and attitude towards pubertal changes and menstrual hygiene.

Information Technology Advantages and Disadvantages

reading engineering science Advantages and DisadvantagesThe importance of Information engineering scienceThe importance of engineering comes from that Technology has an with child(p) impact on establish manpowert and the development of societies and economies. This impact rotter be observed in three yards.The first step is substitution, new name engineering substitutes for the old. For example, consumers start substituting their fixed skirt lines with mobile teleph unitarys. The chip step is the diffusion, when adopting the new applied science is widely across society beca hire it is law salute or better or more answerive than the previous engineering science. The final step is transformation when the new engineering ways start written reportings and emerging beca role the new technology is diff give wayoutd so widely in society. For example, the widespread adoption of the networking has led to interesting innovations in the communication patterns of individual s such(prenominal) as executives conducting transaction while waiting in airport lounges or traveling in trains.( DUTTA MIA , 2001)World Economic Forum.ICT offers more opportunities for economic development and plays really important role in international competitiveness, rapid economic change, and fatty capacity of improvements for developing countries. ICTs offer the developing countries umteen opportunities, as it has through in the positive world, when it created unprecedented possibilities for them. Studies deport emphasized that in that respect is depict of a strong linkage among GDP harvest-feast and ICT investing constituteing the importance of ICT investment for development. According to an OECD seek project, which was conducted in the yr 2002, in that location is an impact of ICT on the economy. In addition, in the GDP growth per capita, ICT investment accounted for amid 0.5% and 1.3% (Nodu, 2004).Also, Organizations read join ond their investment in br eeding technology IT for planning in enjoin to incr simplicity the skill of their task processes. Support encounter it awayment decision making and improve productivity. So IT bring forth important tool to attaining competitive advantage for the physical composition and improves employees productivity and efficiency (Kim lee(prenominal) Law, 2007)Besides, M each researches investigate the correspondingness betwixt IT investment and incr slackening the productivity and the performance in the companies one of these studies (sircar et al, 2000) which put in several strategy of rules success with the spending on the IT but others were failed. (Agarwal karahanna, 2000) argue in this end that IT investment depart be successful when IT utilized by the governance intended intaker in the way contribute to the dodging and the goals of the firms. in that locationof workr borrowing is the severalize for the successes of the IT investment (Darsono, 2005).Also, for mo re than two decades nurture technology has been the focal point for researcher in instruction establishment this is beca subroutine IT considers as the key to lead the organization for the good performance so many researches focus in the initial agreement for IT or continuous procedure of goods and services foe IT (Premkumar Bhattacherjee, 2005).The advantages and disadvantages from adopting development technology(brien maracas, 2008, management reading brass, edition 8, chapter 1, p55) the advantages (for strategy advantage).Information technology hires to certification the competitive strategy in helping the companies to reduce the costs of the order to give special offer for its products and operate and give better cargon ab off customers and suppliers and to develop unions among the company and the company with the environment around the company and incr backup man the virtue of its investment in IT resources.By development the cultivation technology the org anization or the companies ordain be able to develop the value of its business through out making the customer value the focus of its strategy which is to keep get behind of its customers p impactences to supply its products and services any conviction anywhere by using the internet or intranet and extranet(e-commerce websites).A lot of organizations/companies enforce reading technology and internet to reengineering its business process beca implement breeding technology can even off integration for the organization to work for the same goal of the organization and this improves the design of the work flows or the requirements of the job even the organization structures even improve the efficiency and the ensn beiveness.Information technology provides the communication and the information required for the managers in order to manage the different activities within the organization and the resources from the partners to get the advantage from the changes in the food market e nvironment.Information technology can support the organization competitive strategy by making the organization as the k without delayledge creating to make innovation by creating its process style or product and service for its work or learning organization by doing similar in what the other companies created by using the internet to get the k straightawayledge that it needs.The disadvantagesSome disadvantages of information technology includeUnemployment While information technology may have streamlined the business process it has too crated job redundancies, downsizing and outsourcing. This promoter that a lot of lower and middle take jobs have been do away with causing more people to become unemployed.Privacy though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient, it has also bought along privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to netmail hacking, people atomic number 18 now worried about their once snobby information becoming public knowledge.Lack of job security exertion experts believe that the internet has made job security a big issue as since technology keeps on changing with each day. This center that one has to be in a constant learning mode, if he or she wishes for their job to be secure.Dominant culture While information technology may have made the world a worldwide village, it has also contributed to one culture dominating some other weaker one. For example it is now argued that US influences how just about young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Languages too have become overshadowed, with English becoming the principal(a) mode of communication for business and e rattlingthing else (http//www.smallbusinessbible.org/advan_disadvan_informationtechnology.html 3/4/2009 510am). vex reviewBehavior markAccording to (Davis , 1989 Kiraz Ozdemir, 2006 Hwang Y. Yi, 2002 Phau Gan, 2000)The technology betrothal framework TAM consists of four briny component p arts as major determinants of technology credence these factors argon discernd facilitate of engagement, sensed riding habitfulness, the trademarkures toward the usage and the relative frequency of habituate of technology. That meat if people want to accept or jib any specific technology they should surpass utilisationrs believes that this technology will help them do their work better and this refer to sensed physical exercisefulness and extend their believes in that the system is alleviation of engross and the benefit is more than the drive from the excogitation for this technology. In another wards, If the utilizationrs embrace easy of riding habit from that technology and perceive proceeds from the technology for their work purposes .that means, there are Positive attitudes toward the technology usage n have a prescribed kindly intercourse with the demeanour objective to utilize the technology.Therefore, (Chang, 2004) was conducted The correctio n which purposed to search the validity of the annexe of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) based on societal and facilitating as main factors to predict intranet/portal usage beca aim those factors are most overriding in the educational environment. The moot found that there was strong positive semblance among perceived re liberate, comprehend remainder of use and users attitudes towards the intranet. And the Attitude has strong affinity with the user aim to use. And the objective to behave had a strong congenator with the essential usage this conform the positive substantial likeness in TAM and its constructs are to predicting the user credence of the intranet/portal. take down there are relation between experience and comprehend avail and sensed rest of use. Even experience is a stronger predictor for comprehend alleviation of use and perceive value than age does.So, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) which created by (Davis Bagozzi Warshaw, 1989 Davis et al., 1989) Studied some important factors bear upon in the use of the information technology. the TAM explained how the way goal to use the technology raiseed by one basic factor to cause the existing use for the new system, therefore the sort invention to use the technology is the merely or only determined related to developed use for the system, beside that the latest studies sustain that the behavior bearing to use the technology is the merely mediated factor. In another words, the TAM explains attitude factors affecting the behavior objective to use with putting the focus on the attitudes as a factor to use the technology (Kiraz Ozdemir, 2006).And in contrast that, the attitude not the only the factor who is affecting on the behavior intention to use but there are another factors can affect the behavior intention to use as in the con was conducted by (Gong Xu Yu, 2004) which aimed to identify additional determinants factors for the technology word sense in the educ ation sector. The get a line found that there are cipher and mediate satisfying assemble for perceive improvement on the behavior intention to use the system and this effect is strong on the behavior intention to use more than the effect on the attitudes and the attitude was formed by perceive usefulness. Beside, that perceived relievo of use has effect on perceived usefulness and the attitudes of the users but the effect on the attitudes was not earthshaking this collectible to the combination of the factors like organization, subjects and the technology or collect to the users have one month experience and they need to use the system easier and free of effort .and self-efficacy has strong ship effect on intention to use and perceived puff of use but on easement of use more effect than intention to behavior.Another reckon was conducted to swan that intention to behavior is determined the actual behavior by (Aversano, 2005) which purposed to explore why some people retract to use the mobile telephone in USA. The look at used the possible action of Ajzen to give exploration of adult male behavior to instinct a persons actions in behavior like social attitude and personality trait it considered as important to explain merciful behavior. And the meditate used TPB to confirm that intention to behavior is determined the actual behavior. And there are three factors predicting the function to behavior are attitude, inbred norms and perceived behavior control as same as TRA with focus in the important of the intention to behavior with the adoption for the technology. Even the speculate used the TAM2 which explains perceived usefulness in terms of cognitive and social influence processes.(Aversano, 2005) was conducted the charter which purposed to explore why some people refuse to use the mobile telephone in USA. The study used the theory of Ajzen to give exploration of human behavior to sense a persons actions in behavior like social attit ude and personality trait it considered as important to explain human behavior. And the study used TPB to confirm that intention to behavior is determined the actual behavior. And there are three factors predicting the Intention to behavior are attitude, prejudiced norms and perceived behavior control as same as TRA with focus in the important of the intention to behavior with the adoption for the technology. Even the study used the TAM2 which explains perceived usefulness in terms of cognitive and social influence processes.Moreover, in the latest studies, like the study was conducted by (Hwang Yi, 2002) in the inseparable motivation and computer self-efficacy research to Technology Acceptance Model in order to predict the use of web-based information systems. The study found that behavioral intention and self-efficacy have a significant effect on actual use. Even perceived usage and self-efficacy were significant determinants of ease of use. Even was found that self-efficacy w as a strong determinant for ease of use and actual use. The study support all the dealings were purposed in the technology acceptance model. Even the studies (Klloppiing McKiinneyy, 2004 Jones S. Hubona, 2005) support that relation.Also, the study was conducted by (Jones Hubona, 2005) which aimed to determine the effect of staff seniority, age, and education level on usage behavior. The study back up all TAM construction. Even Education level would directly affect actual usage behavior besides effect on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. But in contrast, the study was conducted by (Al Mutairi, 2007) which goaled to examine TAM pertinence in capital of Kuwait ministries. The study determination did not support the birth between the variables as were in TAM. In another ward, the study didnt find relation between ease of use and usefulness this in one hand and in the other hand there is no relation between ease of use and usefulness with actual usage. And the study mention that maybe because the differences in the national cultural, public organization context, dependent variables nature.Also, in the study was conducted by (Chismar Patton, 2002) which made among the physicians to examines their intention to adopt Internet-based health applications by using the pertinence of the (TAM2). The study found that the strong determinant for intention to use was perceived usefulness. Intention to use by physicians was explained by the make of usefulness and takings quality. And the relation between perceived usefulness and intention to use was significant, whereas image, subjective norm and perceived ease of use were not significant. And that due to that physicians have uplifted level of adaptability, cognitive capacity and intellectual, they comprehend faster than the universal people for new technologies. And they are willing to adopt information technology that has beneficial applications even if it not easy to use.Attitudes and BelievesAccordi ng to (Davis , 1989 Kiraz Ozdemir, 2006 Hwang Y. Yi, 2002 Phau Gan, 2000)The technology acceptance model TAM consists of four main factors as major determinants of technology acceptance these factors are perceived ease of use, Perceived usefulness, the attitudes toward the usage and the frequency of use of technology. That means if people want to accept or reject any specific technology they should set up their attitudes by increase users believes that this technology will help them do their work better and this refer to perceived usefulness and extend their believes in that the system is ease of use and the benefit is more than the effort from the use for this technology. In another wards, If the users perceive easy of use from that technology and perceive usefulness from the technology for their work purposes .that means, there are Positive attitudes toward the technology usage n have a positive relation with the behavior intention to use the technology.Therefore, in order to p ut spotlight in the important of mediating the attitudes for the relation between the beliefs and the actual usage for the technology (Chang, 2004) conducted The study which purposed to explore the validity of the extension of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) based on social and facilitating as main factors to predict intranet/portal usage because those factors are most dominant in the educational environment. The found were that there was strong positive relation among Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and users attitudes towards the intranet. And the Attitude has strong relation with the user intention to use. And the intention to behave had a strong relation with the actual usage this conform the positive significant relation in TAM and its constructs are to predicting the user acceptance of the intranet/portal. Even there are relation between experience and perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Even experience is a stronger predictor for perceived ease of us e and perceived usefulness than age does.Also, the study was conducted by (algahtani, 2004) which aimed for more understanding of the acceptance for the technology in different cultures. The study found that there is strong support for the effect of the attitude in the behavior to use the computer and satisfaction. Even though this was back up in the study was conducted In Malaysia by (Mohd Syed-Mohamad Zaini, 2005) to identify the relation between information quality and the acceptance of doctors for Electronic Medical Record System (EMR) in one of Malaysian hospital. The study found that the information quality has significant consanguinity with perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use .even the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have significant relationship with attitude of using EMR system. Moreover, the user acceptance factor Information Quality has significant relationship with attitude of using EMR system through out easy of use and usefulness.The study c onducted by (Gong Xu Yu, 2004) which aimed to identify additional determinants for the technology acceptance in the education sector. The study found that there are direct and indirect significant effect for perceived usefulness on the behavior intention to use the system and this effect is strong on the behavior intention to use more than the effect on the attitudes and the attitude was formed by perceived usefulness. Beside, that perceived ease of use has effect on perceived usefulness and the attitudes of the users but the effect on the attitudes was not significant this due to the combination of the factors like organization, subjects and the technology or due to the users have one month experience and they need to use the system easier and free of effort .and self-efficacy has strong direct effect on intention to use and perceived ease of use but on ease of use more effect than intention to behavior.In contrast to The study conducted by (Gong Xu Yu, 2004), The study was conduct ed by (Yang, 2007) which Focus on the time in the affect of perceived usefulness and ease of use on the attitudes, which aimed to study the usage of the technology acceptance model for doing another examination of the relationships between students attitude toward the use of weather vaneCT and the determinants of the actual usage in light of social front line and sociability. the study found that The perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use was supported by self-efficacy, but more strong to the ease of use and twain(prenominal) perceived usefulness and ease of use support the attitude toward the actual usage this was in the first test for the relation and in the second test was found that the subjective norms was negative value to the social presence and the actual use but lower support for the actual use. The study focuses on the time which makes the personal effects of the variable in the attitude. Which means perceived usefulness directly changed by times after(prenomi nal) use the system.And the study was conducted by (Yalcinkaya B.A M.S, 2007) to investigate the acceptance for the police officer for the POLNET system in Turkish. The study found that Perceived ease of use has a positive effect on attitude and intentions to use the system. And the study considers that the variable ease of use considered the main factor effecting in the attitude toward behavior care to actual usage. This Result supported the depart for the last study by (Venkatesh Davis, 2000) which conformed that perceived ease of use is strongly related to the system usage. Beside that the study found that there is positive affect for Perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness of police Officers using the system. In another ward, those police officers preferred to use the system because its easy to use. And the same for Perceived usefulness has a positive effect on the attitude and has a strongly effect on Attitude and Intention to Use the information technology, the study mentioned that Turkish police officers using the system because they perceive the system is useful. Hence, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are very strong predictive factors on attitude and intention to use the system.From the receptive two studies, both studies (Yang, 2007 Yalcinkaya B.A M.S, 2007) confirm that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness affect on the attitude which in the same time attitude affect on the behavior intention to use toward the actual use for the technology. Regardless the stronger affect on the attitude.The study conducted by(Ahn Ryu Han, 2007)which its goal to investigated the waggery effect ion on user acceptance of online retailing , tested factors of Web quality and the relationship between those factors and user acceptance behavior. The study found that there are significant between playfulness and attitude and behavior intention to use. Even there is significant and influences for service quality, perceived strengths of system and information on playfulness, usefulness, and perceived ease of use. Even there are significant for System quality influence on usefulness, ease of use and playfulness. Even Information quality had significant influenced on usefulness, ease of use and playfulness. Service quality had significant influence on playfulness, ease of use and usefulness. Besides that Playfulness considered an important factor affecting the attitude and intention to use online retailing users.In contrast, to the study conducted by (Kiraz Ozdemir , 2006) which target the utilisation of technology integration in the classroom focused on educational ideology, a factor not related to technology that also affects decisions in terms of educational applications. The study found that there is a direct effect of perceived usefulness on the actual use, and there is also a direct affect of perceived ease of use on attitudes. Besides, this study showed that attitudes towards the usage effected by perceived usefulness, and there is no significant effect of attitude towards usage and the actual use, this contrast the result in (TAM).Also, the study shows that there is no significant relationship between perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. In another wards, there is a strong positive relationship between pre-service teachers perceived ease of use of educational technology and their attitudes toward use. The study mentioned that all of the ideologies were mentioned have effects on attitudes toward use. Moreover, educational anarchism, educational libertinism, and educational intellectualism have an effect on the perceived usefulness of technology. Both studies show that there is affect for perceived ease of use and usefulness on the attitude towards the behavior intention to use toward the use of the technology.Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulnessIt is important to understand that the perceived usefulness and the perceived ease of use of the technology are not forme d solely by the usefulness and ease of use of the technology. According to the study was conducted by (Park Brien Caine Rogers Fisk Ittersum Capar Parsons, 2006) which aimed to identify variables that can provide more understanding for technology acceptance. The study mentioned that there are many variables affecting the technology acceptance like technology characteristics, organization characteristics, subjective norm, User characteristics all interacted with the acceptance through out a positive effect on perceived usefulness.Beside that, the study was conducted by (Kishore Lee McLean, 2001) which used social cognitive theory (SCT), computer self-efficacy (CSE), technology acceptance model (TAM), the risk management, personal general innovativeness and specific computer self-efficacy to extend TAM. The study was mentioned that perceived usefulness and ease of use were granted as the main factors effecting in the actual usage.Also, the study was conducted by (goeke, 2006) which aimed to examine the effects of experience and expertise on the actual use for the data storage warehouse by using TAM. The study found that perceived usefulness and ease of use had significant effect on the usage for the technology and the usefulness stronger in the effect then ease of use. Even there is direct effect for the usefulness in the actual usage for the system. Also found there is direct effect for ease of use on perceived usefulness. And there is positive effect for the external variable on both perceived usefulness and ease of use.The result from (goeke, 2006) was supported in the study was conducted by (Brown, 2002) which aimed to examine perceived ease of use for the technology web-based in learning environment in developing country not developed country. And the finding was that the study confirms TAM relations that ease of use predicts the usefulness and the actual usage but usefulness doesnt predict the actual usage. besides, there are significant influences for self-efficacy and ease of finding and ease of understanding on perceived ease of use and ease of understanding more influences than ease of finding on perceived ease of use and the self-efficacy is the strongest influences on the ease of use but computer anxiety was the fewer influences.Inconsistent with former research (Bani-Ali Money, 2005) the effect of ease of use is lower than other proposed factors. A possible explanation is that users level of experience with new software may influence the relative importance of system ease of use. Despite, the study which contacted by (Hasan Ali, 2006) to distinguished between general, system-specific CSE and examines the effects of both levels of CSE on two key nurture outcomes reactions and learning performance. Reactions were examined with respect to perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. The findings were that general CSE had significant effects on perceived ease of use and far-transfer learning. Even the study found that GCSE demonstrated a non-significant positive effect on perceived usefulness. On the other hand, SCSE exhibited a non-significant negative effect on perceived usefulness this because study were measured two weeks after training.Also, The Study was conducted by (Saeed Helm, 2008) which proposes that perceived usefulness affected by information quality and system integration which will then drive post adoption usage of the IS. The study findings support that system integration and information quality are significant predictors for usefulness, even usefulness positively and significantly relates to extended usage and exploratory usage. The Study mentioned that perceived usefulness affects the initial acceptance of IS, that means, there is a stronger relation between exploratory usage and usefulness.More over, the study was conducted by (Gyampah Salam, 2003) which aimed to examine ERP training and ERP project communication, will affect the TAM variables only through the psychological varia ble-shared beliefs in the perceived benefits of the ERP system. The study found that perceived usefulness is the important factor affecting in the beliefs to make positive attitudes towards the system. Even that the study supports that perceived ease of use not affect attitude towards using particular system. This supports others studies that show that perceived ease of use does not have a significant on attitude in the usage for the system. Even was found that training has important and significant positive influences on the shared beliefs in the benefits of the system and shared beliefs influence both the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of the system through out affect attitude, which in turn affects intention to behavior. Study confirms that communication with effective training affect the join TAM variables. And the training on the system has significant affect on perceived ease of use.Besides that, the study was conducted by (Yi Hwang, 2003) in the intrinsic mot ivation and computer self-efficacy research to Technology Acceptance Model in order to predict the use of web-based information systems. It found that behavioral intention and self-efficacy have a significant effect on actual use. Even perceived enjoyment and self-efficacy were significant determinants of ease of use. Even was found that self-efficacy was a strong determinant for ease of use and actual use. The study supported all the relations were purposed in the technology acceptance model. Even the studies (Klloppiing McKiinneyy, 2004 Jones S. Hubona, 2005) support that too.Perceived usefulness and playfulness considered as importance from the inexperienced e-commerce shoppers prospective. That means sites playfulness is essential to perceptions of usefulness, while for more experienced e-commerce shoppers, the perceived usefulness of the site can be evident independent of its playfulness, that was proved in the study was conducted by (Klopping McKinney, 2006) which conducted to examines the role of experience on consumers intentions to shop online. The study found that experience has direct and indirect effects on intention to use e-commerce, and there are moderating effects on perceived usefulness, playfulness, and self efficacy to intention to use e-commerce. Besides, there is a significant difference in the relationship of playfulness on perceived usefulness between inexperienced e-commerce shoppers and experienced e-commerce shoppers.Even, in the study was conducted by(T-Pikkarainen K-Pikkarainen Karjaluoto Pahnila ,2004) which aimed to increase the understanding of the factors that influence online banking acceptance from the technology acceptance model (TAM) prospective and to study consumer acceptance of online banking in Finland . it found that Perceived usefulness, Perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, information on online banking, and security and privacy have an impact on the acceptance of online banking and Perceived usefulness an d the amount of information on online banking the most factors influence the use of online banking services. And found that Perceived usefulness was more than Perceived ease of use effective in explaining technology acceptance.There is significant in the relation between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use for accepting the technology, that was supported by (Almutairi, 2007) which aim to test the applicability of the technology acceptance model (TAM) in Kuwaiti ministries in order to understand the information technology in the government utilities, that also was supported in The study conducted by (Singletary Akbulut Houston, 2002) which purposed to identify factors that effect the acceptance of high school students for software application when the initial use of the application is mandatory. The finding was that there are positive relationships between perceived usefulness, ease of use and innovative usage behavior and there is a positive relationship between perceive d usefulness and perceived ease of use.The study was conducted by (Venkatesh Morris, 2000) which aimed to investigated gender differences in the context of individual adoption and the study conformed technology usage in the workplace by using technology acceptance model. The study found that There is a difference between women and men in that men perceived usefulness to a greater longitudinal than women in using a new technology. And perceived ease of use was more important to women compared with men after basic training and by the time with more experience in using the system that make not significant and not affect on the intention to use the system. But for women ease of use consider the important to affect the intention to use the system.Individual differencesIndividual acceptance for IT becomes an issue for resea

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Theories of Feminist Geography

Theories of feminist geographicsDoes a womens liberationist geographics take up be primarily concerned with the lives of women?In relation to the essay title, agree to Dias et al (2008), Hesse- Biber (2012) and McDo swell (1992), in that location are signifi bottom of the inningt diversity and heterogeneity among feminist geographics and its query, with no single methodology or epistemology. Therefore, instead of exhibit feminist geography as a static sub-discipline, feminist geography should be examined by looking at a wide escape of utilization produced by feminist geographers addressing the issues found in different contexts, with vary explore aims. By examining existing studies, this essay aims to demonstrate the point that several(prenominal) aspects of feminist geography earn, in fact, been primarily concerned with lives of women in a socio- spatial context. Subsequently, this essay also aims to demonstrate that feminist geography did not engage exclusively with the lives of women by examining practices within the geography discipline, associated with the disciplines exclusion of womanish, feminist geographer imbibe offered master(prenominal) insights for geographers in infrastanding sexual urge bias embedded in geography, and has facilitated the re-evaluation of geographic knowledge and practices among scholars.According to Dixon et al (2014), feminist geography is primarily concerned with improving womens lives by hearing, and to develop an infrastanding of the sources of womens oppression, as well as the dynamics and spatiality of the oppression. This description of feminist geography is mirrored by work produced by feminist geographers that has adapted Marxist supposition in examining the transaction among economic development, space and gender chthonian capitalism (Pratt, 1994). These feminist geographers were think on the fond- spatial exclusion of suburban households feminine members from paid employment, which was an v aluable element in reproduction of compass power, and has provided insights to how traditional gender transaction in capitalisticic societies are continued and preserved (Pratt, 1994 Mackenzie et al, 1983 Hawkesworth 2006 Seccombe 1974 Beechey 1977 Eisenstein 1979 Nelson, 1986 Massey, 1984 Chant et al, 1995 Hanson et al, 1995 Gerstein, 1973). feminist geographers shoot argued that the isolation of women from employment a strategy that is vital to c everywhere the effects of capitalist economy it reproduces the overabundant- subordinate that is essential to the operations of capitalist production (Hawkesworth 2006 Eisenstein 1979 Beechey 1977 Pratt, 1994). The isolation also facilitates daily and gene demythologized reproduction of advertise power, plus it leave behinds to the creation of a labour party force, which consists of women who are willing to be working for slight than substantive wages (Mackenzie et al, 1983 Pratt, 1994 Seccombe 1974 Hawkesworth 2006 Beechey 1977 Nelson 1986 Eisenstein 1979 Massey, 1984 Chant et al, 1995 Hanson et al, 1995 Pearson, 1986). This was demonstrated in Nelsons (1986) and Hawkesworths (2006) study, as he mentioned that in 1970s, capitalist in the United States had relocated to suburban locations in aiming to employ, or further exploit, harmonise to Marxist perspectives, housewives who are more(prenominal) inclined to work despite the less than substantive wages. It has also been revealed that governmental policies, working-class household strategies, as well as traditional male power exercised in both families and change unions are interplaying factors facilitate the isolation of women as housewives to inhibit or understate employment opportunities available to women (Mackenzie et al, 1983 Hawkesworth 2006 Seccombe 1974 Eisenstein 1979 Nelson 1986 Pratt, 1994 Massey, 1984 Hanson et al, 1995 Gerstein, 1973). These literatures by feminist geographers are fundamentally tie in to the lives of women (Johnson, 200 7 Pratt, 1994 Hanson et al, 1995 Seccombe, 1974). By using womens lives as point of departure, they take a crap identify the consequences of the exclusion of women from employment creation of female labour that are more prone to be subjected to capitalistic exploitation, enabled by traditional gender and social relations which constitute capitalism, in conjunction with patriarchal gender relations, which cede contributed to the redefining of the spatial distribution of womens social and economic activities in urban areas.However, feminist geographers did not engage exclusively with the lives of women. feminist geographers are also concerned with development of geography, in relation to the exclusion and isolation of female scholars from the discipline, and how this has affected geographic research and thought. As Morin (1995 1) has described, the theme of these studies is gender of geography rather that the geography of gender . Under this theme, feminist geographers have highlig hted the fact that geography is a male- dominated discipline (Rose, 1993 Dixon et al, 2006 LeVasseur, 1993). As suggested by Dixon et al (2006), women have been excluded from higher education from late nineteenth to early twentieth century early universities mainly consists of upper- class blanched men. During that period of time, female are mainly found in the field of teaching and destiny professions, and are mostly absent in the disciplines and institutions that have contributed to the establishment of youthful geography, much(prenominal) as geology and expert societies, such as Royal geographic Society (Rose, 1993 Dixon et al, 2006). These expert societies were heavily involved with the establishment of geography as a discrete academic discipline, by defining geographys investigating agenda and methodologies, as well as establishing programs in university (Dixon et al, 2006). Since these societies had doorway requirements based on peer nomination and work assessment, it w as difficult for women to adjunction such societies, as their works are often dismissed as non- scholarly (Dixon et al, 2006). As a result, these institutions had a disproportionately large numbers racket of male members (Rose, 1993 Dixon et al, 2006). As female are not able to carry off in this field of study due to institutional discrimination , white men were able to almost exclusively define what constitute as the norm in the discipline, which has allowed masculinist thinking to thrive and flourish in geography (Rose, 1993 Dixon et al, 2006).A number of scholars have pointed out as men have associated themselves with attributes or descriptions in their studies on landscape, such as culture, intellectualism, practicality and mobility (Rose, 1993 Pile, 1994 Berg, 1994). The adaptation of dualistic worldview that was assumed to be objective and scientifically sound has meant that women are thence associated with nature, proboscis and emotionalism (Rose, 1993 Berg, 1994 Lloyd, 1 984). Further, masculinist thinking believes that men are capable of rational thought, whereas women are not, as female-ness was thought of as the inadequacy of maleness (Jay, 1981 Massey, 1998 Longhurst, 2000 Lloyd, 1984 Bordo, 1986 Berg, 1994). Together, these beliefs have helped to establish a hierarchical, binary emulation between mind and body culture and nature men and women, with the latter assumed to be lacking(p) and less important (Pile, 1994 Rose, 1993 Berg, 1994 Lloyd, 1984). Dualistic world views have also meant that, harmonise to masculinist thinking, men are traditionally associated with public spaces, due to their association with waged work, which requires mobility and discussion (Dixon et al, 2006 Rose, 1993 Longhurst, 2000 Berg, 1994). Therefore in contrast, women are typically associated with private spaces due to their traditionally assigned role as care- taker at home (Dixon et al, 2006 Rose, 1993 Longhurst, 2000 Bordo, 1986). Men self- proclaimed attribu tes, facilitated by dualistic world views have facilitated the formation of a pecking order in geography in relation to gender (Rose, 1993). The hierarchical opposition signifies that spaces that are typically associated with female, reproduction activities are deemed as less important and less valued when comparing to spaces that are associated with men and their waged production activities (Dixon et al, 2006). Dixon et al (2006) has demonstrated that geographer has thus focus their studies on male productive activities, such as steel manufacturing, rather than investigating reproductive activities that are traditionally associated with women, such as day care for example. As stated by Dixon et al (2006), this bias is reproduced in the discipline across multiple research area. This argument demonstrates the conundrums underlying geography the focus on production congeneric to reproduction within geography signifies the existence of a knowledge happy chance within the discipline , in regard to areas associated with female economic and social activities. Furthermore, this can discourage scholars, who aim to examine or carry out research in fields associated with female activities, to engage with geography due to concerns over the research prioritization mentioned above, and turn to other disciplines that they feel their research will be valued (Dixon et al, 2006). Together, these diminish the scope of geographic investigation, further reducing any potential knowledge that would have been produced and incorporated within the discipline of geography, which lead to the diminishing of the academic significance of geography, and this urges the re-thinking of geographic practices, in order to decrease bias due to the disciplines masculinist legacy (Dixon et al, 2006 Pile, 1994 Monk et al, 1982).In conclusion, the works of feminist geographers examined in this essay have all dual-lane a common theme- the exclusion of women and the consequences, in different cont exts or settings. In some aspects of feminist geography, feminist geographers have directly engaged with the lives of women studies have attempt to undercover ways in which women are oppressed under capitalism, and to demonstrate how womens lives, in regards to their economic opportunities, are limited as a result of the exclusion from employment. However, this essay has also demonstrated that there are existing studies in which the primary concern is the development of discipline, under the influence of limited female participation. They have highlighted that the disciplines lack of female involvement, which has facilitated the flourishing of traditional masculine thinking as dominant discourse in geography, has in turn lead to the production of one-sided knowledge and skewed research approaches that constitute geography- this remained to be an internal, innate problem that results in the narrowing of the scope of study, and has imposed limits on the production of geographic knowl edge. The problems highlight above, by feminist geographers, can perhaps urge geographers to second thought their research priorities and focuses, to avoid the induction, or reproduction of masculine- orientated bias in geography, to overcome the legacy of male- domination in order to facilitate wider, more depth understanding of space/ place and social relations and activities. Together, these studies have confirmed that there is significant diversity among feminist geography feminist geographers have addressed a range of issue or concerns that advert to gender bias or inequality in different contexts. frankincense it can be said that the primary concern cannot therefore be generalized into one subject of concern.ReferenceKaren Dias Jennifer Blecha (2007) Feminism and Social surmise in Geography An Introduction , The Professional Geographer, 59(1) 1-9LeVasseur, M (1993) Finding a Way Encouraging Underrepresented Groups in Geography An Annotated Bibliography. Indiana, PA National Council for geographical EducationRose, G. (1993) Feminism and geography the limits of geographical knowledge. Cambridge Polity mess.Massey, D. (1998) Blurring the binaries? High technical school in Cambridge. In Ainley, R. (ed.) New frontiers of space, bodies and gender, capital of the United Kingdom RoutledgeMorin, K (1995) The Gender of Geography. postmodern Culture. Online 32 Available at http//pmc.iath.virginia.edu/text-only/issue.195/review-3.195Accessed 19 February 2015MacKenzie, S Rose, D (1983) Industrial change, the domestic economy and home life. In Anderson J Ducan, S Hudson, R (eds.) Redundant Spaces in Cities and Regions? Social Geography and Industrial Change. capital of the United Kingdom Achedemic PressDixon, D.P. Jones III, J.P. (2006) feminist Geographies of Difference, Relation, and Construction. In Aitken, S Valentine, G (eds.) Approaches to Human Geography. world(prenominal) SAGELinda McDowell (1992) Doing Gender Feminism, libbers and Research Methods in Human Geography. Transactions of the found of British Geographers New Series, 17(4) 399-416Beechey, V. (1977) Some notes on female wage labour in capitalist production. Capital and Class, 3, Autumn 45-66Eisenstein, Z. (1979) Developing a theory of capitalist patriarchy and socialist feminism. In, Eisenstein, Z. (ed.) Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for state-controlled Feminism. New York Monthly ReviewNelson, K. (1986) Female labour supply characteristics and the suburbanization of low-wage shoes work. In Scott, A Storper, M (eds) Production, work, territory the geographical anatomy of industrial capitalism. Boston and London Allen and UnwinPearson, R. (1986) Latin American women and the new international fraction of labour a reassessment. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 5(2) 67-79Chant, S. McIlwaine, C. (1995) Gender and trade manufacturing in the Philippines continuity and change in female employment? The campaign of the Mactan Export Processing Zone. Gender Place and Culture 2(2) 147-76Nelson, K. (1986) Female labour supply characteristics and the suburbanization of low-wage office work. In Scott, A Storper, M (eds) Production, work, territory the geographical anatomy of industrial capitalism. Boston and London Allen and UnwinMassey, D. (1984) Spatial divisions of labour. London MacmillanHawkesworth, M.E. (2006) Feminist Inquiry From Political Conviction to Methodological Innovation. New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers Unversity PressMcDowell, L (1992) Doing Gender Feminism, Feminists and Research Methods in Human Geography. Transactions of the comprise of British Geographers New Series, 17 (4) 399-416Seccombe, W (1974) The Housewife and Her Labour under Capitalism. New Left Review, 83 3-24Pratt, G (1994) Feminist geographies. In Johnston, R Gregory, D Smith D (eds) The Dictionary of Human Geography (3rd edn) Oxford BlackwellHanson, S Pratt, G (1995) Gender, Work, and Space. New York RoutledgePile, S (1994) Masculinism, the use of dualistic epistemol ogies and third spaces. Antipod 26(3) 255-277Johnson, L. C. (1994) What proximo for feminist geography? Gender, Place Culture A journal of Feminist Geography, 1(1) 103-113Gerstein, Ira 1973 Domestic Work and Capitalism, Radical America , 7 (45)101-128.Longhurst, R (2000) Geography and gender masculinities, male identity and men. Progress in Huma Geography 25(3) 439-444Berg, L. D. (1994) Masculinity, place and a binary discourse of theory and empirical investigation in the human geography of Aotearoa/New Zealand, Gender, Place Culture. A Journal of Feminist Geography 1(2) 245-260Bordo, S.(1986) The Cartesian masculinization of thought. Signs 11 (3) 439456Jay, N. (1981) Gender and dichotomy. Feminist Studies 7(1) 38-56Lloyd, G. (1984) The Man of Reason male and female in Western philosophy. London MethuenJanice, M Hanson, S (1982) On not excluding half of the human in human geography. The Professional Geographer 34(1) 11-23Hesse-Biber, S.N. (2012) Feminist Research Exploring, Inte rrogating, and Transforming the Interconnections of Epistemology, Methodology, and Method. In Hesse- Biber, S.N. (ed.) Handbook of Feminist Research Theory and Praxis (2nd edn) International SAGE

Friday, March 29, 2019

Evaluate Jungs Theory Concerning Personality Types Philosophy Essay

Evaluate Jungs Theory Concerning Personality Types Philosophy EssayDuring the 1920s, philosophers and scientists had move their attention to exploring the base of psycheality types. It was during this period that Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung wrote his harbor Psycho logical systemal Types explaining his real number detailed understanding of the lick of Typology (the study and variety of personality types with common traits or char ventureeristics). Subsequently, his give has been substantial into one of the to the highest degree widely substance abused typologies in the world. Berens, L. Nardi, D. (2004)Jung was first to develop the hypothesis that sever solelyy of us has our get personality type. He suggested that humans used twain basic places in their e rattlingday lives the fit of perception, or how we take in in stratumation that is presented to us and the se acquired function of how we make our judgements based on that information. He believed that with in these two basic functions there were further dichotomous sub-functions at work. In the case of perception, he believed that we processed information either via any (or all) of our senses, or alternatively, by our intelligence our gut feeling. Similarly, with our decision devising process, Jung believed that we make our judgements based upon either personal ( paperive) feelings or impersonal ( buttive) logic or, in more or less new(prenominal) words persuasion.Jung described the perceptive functions of sleuthing and intuition as paradoxical as they do non evaluate as such, kind of they atomic number 18 concerned with the simple gathering of information and therefore perceiving the nature of something based upon the information gathered. He did not mean irrational in the sense of being derisory or inconsistent with logic but rather with reference to being removed from reason and judgement. kind of instinctively, the judging functions, those of feeling and intelle ction were con typefacered to be rational. Both judging functions having inverse attributes to those of the perceptive functions in that they very much evaluate experiences and they do curse on the use of reasoning and judgment.Jungs typology bears some semblance, borne from his study of mythology, to the Four Temperaments from antiquated Greek agriculture, namely Choleric, Melancholic, Phlegmatic and Sanguine. Jungs model however, is considerably to a greater extent developed and more complex. He theorised that from each one of us melodys our mentalal vital force (or libido) into each of our quaternion functions of catching, intuition, thinking and feeling during our modal(prenominal) daily lives. He wherefore went on to suggest that we all apply distinguish adequate levels of that psychicalal zippo to the different functions.Importantly, Jung believed that it was possible to test, measure and identify a power structure of preference that an case-by-case has regarding their personality functions labelling the favoured function as the overriding, the second nearly frequently used as the auxiliary, followed by the third and then finally, the inferior function. This proved fundamental in the formulation of his theories regarding individual personality typology.Jung suggested that those individuals with a prevailing sensing function be generally governed by impertinent incidents which are received, as the name implies, done their senses. They give tend to ware a congenital propensity to live in the present, take uping everyone and sensing all that is going on most them. They tend to be instead practical and proactive about their lives. Enjoying these traits en opens sensing type individuals to be able to quite naturally adapt quickly to most placements remaining vivid and self-confident as they go about their daily lives.The naturally opponent function to sensing is intuition. Intuitive type individuals spend far slight time in the present, focussing their attention much more on both the past and the future. As such, they film a tendency to care more about things that may happen or dwell upon things that have already happened in their past and they are often blighted with excess doubts. Avoiding routine, intuitive types are usually only when very interested in things that happen in their lives that are either new or unusual. each aspect of the intuitive individual is the natural polar opposite of the sensing individual.Of the two other naturally opposing functions, the thinking individual would process information based on structure and functionality. Very intellectual in their approach, they would have a natural tendency to break down everything employ logical analysis to travail to expose any underlying structures, patterns and systems. military rank would be based upon their intellect and the segregation of information into rights and wrongs. Any follow up taken by a thinking type individual tends to rifle from intellectually based motivation. A frustrating aspect of the naturally thinking type is that they do not place a great have it away of importance on getting to the bottom of arguments or quarrels. opinion types are natural opposites to feeling types and as such, usually have trouble public lecture openly about their feelings and are relatively emotionally cold.Jung regarding feeling as an evaluative function, the feeling individual generally being governed by the rank associated with the things drawn to them through their feelings. Feeling types are more likely to be interested in other heap and other pecks feelings rather than their own. They see things not as right or wrong like thinking types do, but more like good and bad, they tend to have a more ethical evaluation process. Feeling types tend to pay a lot of their attention to love and passion and washstand easily use their emotions consciously or unconscious(p)ly to manipulate people or situations. The y excessively have a tendency to be very comfortably tactile.Jung posited that the dominant function was very important to each individual and over darked all of the other functions when it came to constructing a personality type. He likewise suggested that improving our awareness of all of the four functions within ourselves, be they dominant (conscious) or inferior (unconscious), was very important in helping us to develop a healthy, counterpoise existence. He went on to suggest, unsurprisingly, that if any functions were unduly repressed, or not receiving large psychic might, this would last direct to problems that would almost certainly arise kind of or later in a persons lifetime.Jung was very much into the idea of psychic might and its constant shifting within our psyche. He was of the intellection that we all use psychic energy and as individuals, we consciously and unconsciously channel our psychic energy both internally and out into our away world.The Society of Analytical Psychology website tells us that Jung drew on the work of the philosopher Nietzsche and the psychologist William James in his development of typology(2006) takeing in two very different and opposing attitudes which in like manner contribute to our character types those attitudes being introvert and extrovert. Introversion, where the energy is directed in towards the self, is rulerly characterised by hesitant, reflective, defensive traits. By contrast, extroverts channel or draw their energy from external sources. They are interested mainly in what is happening outside themselves, in their surroundings, other people or external noises. Extroverts tend not to enjoy spending time altogether as they naturally draw their energy from, and channel their energy to, their external world.Jung concluded that individuals either introverted or extroverted their dominant function creating a total of eight possible mental types an example of which susceptibility be an Extrover ted Thinker.The healthy, balance wheeld and best example of an Extraverted Thinking type tends to have a good sense of the facts. They are very adept at establishing order in all aspects of their lives their benchmarks are nicety and truth, based upon what they consider to be the purest conceivable formulation of inclinationive naturalism D. Sharp (1936). At their worst, amongst other things, they are religious zealots or con men (or women). introvert Feeling would be their inferior functions meaning that anything involving fastidious senses, quality time with loved ones and family and loving relationships are liable to suffer. They will tend to come across as cold or uncongenial but this will only be because they will be more interested in fact than how their attitude effects the people around them. In extreme examples, they will neglect their own vital studys and unconsciously compensate by becoming highly oversensitive, petty and wary of others.Once the unconscious compe nsatory process has begun, there is a danger of the violate of their conscious attitude, resulting in their positivity and creativity becoming stagnant and regressive. In the very extreme case, the individual piece of ass become a sequestered and/or misanthropic.Another example of one of Jungs eight mental types would be the Extraverted brain type. This type of person will react to an object, situation or person in a way that their response to the object is conditioned by the object. Sharp (1936). They are drawn to objects, people or situations that excite the strongest sensations within them and because they are still extraverted, they always have a strong sensuous bond to their external world. As Jung (1923) statesThe sole meter of their take to be is the forte of the sensation produced by their objective qualitiesHowever, it is only concrete, sensuously perceived objects or processes that excite sensations for the extravertHence the orientation of such an individual acco rds with strictly sensuous reality. (p. 363)Healthy Extraverted commention types are great at finding their way around, reading maps and they rarely forget appointments. They are also neat, tidy and punctual individuals who love to socialise and surround themselves with the finer things in life.The negative aspect of this type is their inferior functions of introverted intuition. In their natural world, the things that cannot be seen, heard or touched those things that are not fact are instantly treated as suspect. Psychic conflicts are discharged as imaginary and changes in mood will be diabolical on seemingly unrelated and trivial things like the weather.Amongst the worst traits of this individual is related to instances when their attraction and focus upon sensation becomes overwhelming and consuming, extreme cases result in unscrupulous, pleasure-seeking hedonists. In Psychological Types, In relation to Extraverted perceptual experience types, Jung states that repressed intuitions begin to assert themselves in the form of projections (p. 365). The projections open the limen for jealous fantasy, suspicion and anxiety, typically based on quite absurd assumption. The more severe cases producing phobias and compulsions, although this only tends to happen very occasionally to a greater extent usually, the compensating inferior function simply imparts a rather charming seam of inconsistency to the personality Sharp (p. 58).A further type, The introspective Sensing type is guided not by the intensity of the external object as in the previous two examples, but by the intensity of the subjective sensations activated by the object. They pay every attention to what people look like, how they smell, the sounds they make and how they feel rather than the actual person themselves. Introverted sensing artists, for example will bring a unique insight of life to a painting or scene. In extreme examples of Introverted Sensing types, the effect of an object does not penetrate into the individual (subject) at all. They are no presbyopicer able to distinguish between the real object and their subjective perception. They have virtually no rational baron to sort problems out and are more likely to have baleful prophetic fantasies of what might happen in the outside world to their family or mankind Sharp (p.83)This type is also prone to becoming stuck in a rut or otherwise bogged down in a routine due to their other functions becoming unconscious. Jung writesas soon as the unconscious becomes antagonistic, the archaic intuitions come to the surface and exert their pernicious influence, forcing themselves on the individual and producing compulsive ideas of the most perverse kind. The result is usually a compulsion neurosis, in which the hysterical features are masked by symptoms of exhaustion. (p. 398)Jung celebrated that just like the four functions, both attitudes of introversion and extraversion are present in each individual in differing degrees dependant upon the energy dedicated to them. Nobody is either strictly extrovert or purely introvert, in fact, the vast majority of people have a pretty well balanced mix of the two attitudes although one will always be more dominant and natural than the other in each individual. On discussing Jungs typology theory in her word of honor Drydens Handbook of Individual Therapy, wordy Dryden (2007) notes thata neurotic defence is that of extreme introversion which manifests its narcissistic feelings of grandiosity that act to keep an individual from being involved in interpersonal relationshipsWestern culture is identified with an extroverted, thinking, sensation way of functioning so that many people feel forced to comply with this. If this compliance becomes pathological, they need to be helped to come across a better balance she goes on to say it may be said that extreme extroversion can be as neurotic as extreme introversion. (p. 107)Jung said that extraversion and in troversion are not mutually exclusive and that they have a natural tendency to self-balance through both conscious and unconscious processes. Therefore, a consciously extravert person will possess a compensatory inwardly unconscious introvert side and vice versa. Jung linked this effect to the repression of natural tendencies and the resulting unhappiness, hysteria and illness, so if the balance gets upset by repression (an unconscious action) our mind would seek to restore the balance in an unconscious manner.This leads us onto a key component of Jungs theory on personality types the element of balance. All of Jungs psychology was based upon balance, return and hope and his personality type theory was no exception. As we know, Jung offer to the notion that all attributes of the four functions and the attitudes of introversion and extroversion appear in all individuals to differing degrees. According to Jung, as human beings, the way that we are able to cope with the opposing cha racteristics to our natural dominant functions and attitudes is by the balance of our psychic energy levels, which we devote to each part at any disposed time. As far as Jung was concerned, an imbalance of psychic energy ultimately resulted in some form of mental disturbance, with neurosis over-emphasizing the individuals character traits.Crucially, that the four functions need to be in balance does not mean that they need to be equal to each other insofar as their psychic energy levels. Taking the four functions into account, our natural tendency is to adopt one, rather than the opposite. If the thinking function was the most developed in an individual, it would naturally make headway from having more psychic energy dedicated to it than the feeling function (the other judging function). Being the natural polar opposite to thinking, feeling would then become the inferior function and would remain so for as long as thinking was the dominant function thus becoming balanced.Sensati on and intuition (the two perceptive functions) would then become the auxiliary and tertiary functions. More energy would be dedicated to thinking and less energy would be channelled to feeling but they would all still, ideally, be within a correct and natural balance relationally. This balance is vital as our dominant function is actually bolstered by our inferior function, however we do only have a finite amount of psychic energy. If we channel as well much energy into our dominant function, the inferior function can be at risk of being lost in the unconscious or the shadow as an expense, resulting in some form of disturbance.Our shadow can be described as our yet to be realised expanse of our mind. It can harbour potential personality disorder or, equally, it can be potentially creative. In therapy sessions, we seek to help our client to rediscover their shadow side and restore their balance. With this in mind, Jungs theory suggests that there always needfully to be an uncons cious counter-position to keep a balance within the functions. i function (the dominant) is experienced consciously whilst the counter or inferior function is experienced unconsciously.In the 1940s, Isobel Myers and her mother, Katherine Cook Briggs were drawn to the work of Carl Jung and were inspired to try and develop his theory of personality types into a more practical and in operation(p) instrument. They subscribed to Jungs ideas of opposites and crafted some extremely well thought out questions in order to force choices to be made between naturally living psychological dilemmas. What resulted was a ninety-three point self-questionnaire that enabled people to be categorised into one of a possible sixteen personality types based upon their own answers to a series of carefully constructed questions.What the MBTI does not do however, is to detect psychiatrical disturbances or provide intelligence quotients it only focuses on a subjects normal behaviour. Jung would never h ave approved of his work being developed in this way, however, if an individuals normal behaviour is naturally disordered (and therefore consistently so) it can provide useful indicators to potential disturbance-related traits. This underlines the difference between a psychiatric disturbance (non-constant behaviour) and a personality disorder (constant behaviour). This is illustrated nicely in Dr Duane Dobberts book Understanding Personality Disorders where he writesWhile many other psychological disorders fluctuate in terms of symptom presence and intensity, as with normal personality, personality disorders typically remain relatively constant throughout life, although they do vary in severity from individual to individual. (2007).As previously noted, if any functions are being unduly stifled through lack of psychic energy either consciously or by design, this is expected to lead to problems that will arise at some point in the individuals self-aggrandizing life. An example where we may be likely to see evidence of this is when a parent or guardian continually forces certain uncharacteristic behaviours upon their children, or when adults consciously inhibit their own feelings. In doing this, they are going against what is natural for the oppressed individual and it will probably eventually lead to some form of psychological disturbance. We also often see evidence of peoples unconscious mind reverting from unconscious to conscious behaviour when they are emphasise or under the influence of alcohol.As far as psychological problems are concerned, many are characterized by a lack of retard in certain situations. Often, the lack of control is only part of a larger pattern of behaviour, such as substance abuse problems or sexual disorders. There are however, several psychological disorders that are delineate primarily by a loss of control and these would include instances of domestic Violence, Pyromania and Pathological Gambling.Studies have been performed to try to ascertain if there is any form of notable relationship between certain personality types and certain psychological disturbances. A psychiatric study in the University of Carolina by Janowsky, Morter Tancer (2000) was carried out whereby a group of sixteen patients with diagnosed Social Phobia were compared to a group of two dozen hospitalized patients suffering with Major Depressive Disorder. Both groups were compared to a control group of a normative population comprising of nearly fifty-six thousand individuals. Each subject underwent the MBTI survey and results stated that Social Phobia patients were significantly introverted (93.7%) as opposed to the normative population group (46.2%). Notably, the Social Phobia patients also scored significantly more introverted than the Major Depressive patients, although the Major Depressive patients still scored as introverted. One conclusion drawn from the study was that introversion is a major component of Social Phobia, if nothin g else this observation almost certainly has therapeutic significance.The fact that Carl Jungs psychological types structure continues to provide the basis of many of the leash psychometrics systems and instruments in use today, including Myers-Briggs, is testimony to the enduring relevance and value of Jungs work. Whether it may ever be developed so that we may detect personality disorders before they become apparent will remain to be seen. Ethically, if we got to that stage, who knows how such a test may be exploited? possibly it would be best if we never found out.

American Adam Myth

Ameri rout out tour MythThe term American ten gener aloney refers to a mythic concept considered by nearly critics and students to be the central ele handst of American literature. Its assumption is based on the watch over of European colonists who saw America, the New World, not scarcely as a haven from religious persecution, but also as a unused Garden of Eden. This concept of the second garden offered a late beginning, free of the collective error that had pervaded the world since the failure of the first sacred experiment in that original garden, where raptus had f everyen to evil and doomed his purity.By the late 18th cytosine, the religious premise of the adamic myth has changed and direct referred to a rather heroic creation which was believed to be the core of the American character. Despite these par completelyels between the adamic myth and the perceptions that more or less settlers had of themselves, the myth of the American spell did not substanti every(pr enominal)y enter the cultural discourse until the 19th coke and by that time it had bemused many of the other elements associated with the scriptural version.The American decade in the 19th Century LiteratureInstead, the 19th coke version of the adamic myth emphasizes on the isolated figure of Adam himself. He, at this stage, demonstrates a figure of immense possibilities that is, at least in authoritative readings, made vulnerable by his own spiritual virtues. Unlike his biblical prototype, the American Adam is less the product of Gods handiwork but more(prenominal) a creature of his own making. The image of Adam in all his ambition and optimism is perhaps best re stateed in the pages of Ralph Waldo Emersons Nature. Emerson described this someone as an authentic man who is free of the constraints of the past and of the limitations imposed by centuries of tradition. Moreover, this Adam stands for a man that is centered on the future and the visit inherent in the very newness of America. At the same time, however, the innocence of this American Adam is inevitably shaped and altered by experience.Emerson expressed this innocence or experience duality in what he termed the Party of believe and the Party of Memory. The party of hope, on the one hand, believed that the individual conscience was lighten up because it was unpolluted by the past. In this context, America had no past, scarce a present and a future. The key term in the moral language consequently was innocence. The most prominent models of this view of the American Adam argon Emerson, Thoreau and Whitman.The party of memory, on the other hand, believed in sin and corruption to be the central element of Adams character. Therefore, Adam remains part of the heritage of humanity.Furthermore, a third concept of the American Adam was developed by the scholar R. W. B. Lewis. He called it the party of Irony. This third party believed in the paradox that a unique spiritual strength can arise from th e inevitable friction of innocence with experience. This element is apparent in texts of Melville and Hawthorne.Thoreau The Recovery of InnocenceFor chase of the party of Hope, experience remained only the gray shadow of reality. If this Adam could cargo hold his perspective fresh and new, free of the traditional and established morals, he would coiffure into full possession of authentic existence. Noone followed this course with greater commitment than total heat David Thoreau. In the experiment that became Walden, Thoreaus masterpiece, the author became a literal Adam himself, passing the town of Concord to enter the more edenic surroundings of Walden Pond. There, in solitude, he was determined to confront only the essentials of life. From Emerson, Thoreau had learnt to reject tradition and historical Christianity. Moreover, he was to look at natural surroundings instead- to the nature of subjects that had not barely been encroached upon by civilization. In this sense, Tho reau effectively distanced himself from the corrupting influences that he believed characterized 19th century New England. His purpose was not to ignore them, but to replace them with rediscovered value of greater importance. In establishing his own Eden in proximity to the conventional civilization of Concord, Thoreau suggested that the essential innocence of the new American Adam can be both recovered and maintained by the discovery and psychometric test of the essentials of life that is inherent in human nature as rise up as in the nature of wilderness. Walden, which begins with the limitations imposed on personal immunity by much(prenominal) conventions as property and the responsibilities of ownership, ends with the coming of spring, marking the new dawn that awaits the enlightened Adam.Whitman An adamic ArchetypeWalt Whitman, who was also a strong representative of Emersons party of Hope, continued where Thoreau left off. He did not only rule a sense of approval with the American myth, he lived it. Where Thoreau recognized that some people might not respond to his call for an awakening, Whitmans subjective view seemed to allow for no such(prenominal) consideration. All negatives became positives for this personification of the American Adam who moved with total confidence through a world in which the new dawn of promise became an unending sunny day. In poems such as Song of Myself, which is part of the Leaves of Grass series, Whitman celebrates innocent, natural, and seemingly unlimited virtue. This republic is not a recovery of natural perfection, since in Whitmans world on that point is no fall to recover from. A man, in his view, is self-created in the present and exists in the perfection of his innocent, confident creation.Song of MyselfTrippers and askers surround me,People I meet, the effect upon me of my early life or the ward and city I live in, or the nation,The latest dates, discoveries, inventions, societies, authors old and new,My din ner, dress, associates, looks, compliments, dues,The real or fictitious indifference of some man or woman I love,The indisposition of one of my folks or of myself, or ill-doing or loss or lack of money, or depressions or exaltations,Battles, the horrors of fratricidal war, the fever of doubtful news, the fitful eventsThese come after to me days and nights and go from me again,But they are not the Me myself.Apart from the puff and hauling stands what I am,Stands amused, complacent, compassionating, idle, unitary,Looks obliterate, is erect, or bends an arm on an nonphysical certain rest,Looking with side-curved head curious what will come next, some(prenominal) in and out of the game and watching and wondering at it.In this part of Whitmans poem, he clearly shows Emersons individual The new Adam who is a man that contends that nothing, not even God, is greater than oneself. If we want a profile of this new Adam then we could start with the adjectives Whitman himself provides amu sed, complacent, compassionating, idle and unitary. Finally, Whitman not only presented the dream of the new Adam, he also created the world in which the American Adam was to live.Melville Damned in the Midst of ParadiseNot all writers agreed with Thoreaus and Whitmans overly optimistic view. What provoked such a dissimilarity was the realization by writers like Herman Melville that the static moral innocence of the Adam could prove a spiritual liability in a fall world, and could even become spiritually destructive. A good example of such a tragic Adam is Captain Ahab in Melvilles Masterpiece Moby gibe I feel deadly faint, and bowed, and humped, as though I were Adam staggering beneath the piled centuries since Paradise. (Melville, Moby Dick, Chapter 11)No turbaned Turk, no hired Venetian or Malay, could have smote him with more seeming malice. Small reason was there to doubt, then, that ever since that almost fatal encounter, Ahab had cherished a wild vengefulness against the w hale, all the more fell for that in his frantic morbidness he at last came to identify with him, not only all his tangible woes, but all his intellectual and spiritual exasperations. The White Whale swam forwards him as the monomaniac incarnation of all those malicious agencies which some deep men feel eating in them, till they are left existent on with half a heart and half a lung. That nonphysical malignity which has been from the beginning to whose dominion even the modern Christians ascribe half of the worlds which the ancient Ophites of the east reverenced in their statue devil Ahab did not fall down and worship it like them but deliriously transferring its idea to the abhorred White Whale, he pitted himself, all mutilated, against it. All that most maddens and torments all that stirs up the lees of things all truth with malice in it all that cracks the sinews and cakes the brain all the crafty demonisms of life and thought all evil, to crazy Ahab, were visibly personifi ed, and made a lot assailable in Moby Dick. He piled upon the whales white hump the sum of all the general rage and hate felt by his whole raceway from Adam down and then, as if his chest had been a mortar, he break off his hot hearts shell upon it (Ch. 41)Ahab, in Moby Dick, almost functions as the obstructionist to Emersons plain old Adam He is characterized as a be that is somehow damned in the midst of paradise. Personally, he is motivated by a kind of metaphysical sense of revenge. Most strikingly, he has lost his leg to the White Whale. Ahab not only intends to strike out against it and against whatsoever power that stands behind it, he also wants to strike at the thing that permits evil in the world. Regarding this goal, his quest is titanic, but ultimately doomed. Moby Dick lures Ahab to his death. As a symbol of American arrogance, he is aiming to establish an American Eden, freed from the offense of original sin. And Melvilles message, through Ishmael, the only surv ivor, is that this quest is doomed and can only lead to death.Conclusion The American Adam in Modern workingIn every of the three cases presented, the adamic theme is apparent in many works of 19th century American Literature. However, the precise interpretation of the adamic being is not unitary but versatile and complex. Finally, the idea of the American Adam did not end with the American Renaissance, but continued to be a major theme in more modern works such as Scott Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby.

Thursday, March 28, 2019

Celebrating Chinese New Year in America Essay -- Expository

This world is live by a variety of races that come from assorted cultures and different backgrounds. These spate differ in many ways. Do you know Chinese in all over the world take in something in common? It is the Chinese newborn Year Chinese cutting Year is the most authorized festival in Chinese culture and it is watch overd once either yr. They do not encounter a specify date for Chinese New Year because the date is set by traditional schedule that was invented in China long time ago. A day to begin with Chinese New Year or known as Chinese New Year eve, family members who is working out of state go out go back to their hometown to have a family gathering and a special dinner party will be served. There is fifteen days of celebration in the Chinese New Year and each day carries a different meaning. For example, for the first day of Lunar New Year, it is the welcoming of gods from the heaven and earth. harmonise to the elderly, the family members will gain protec tion from this goddess by worshipping them. Many Chinese will abstain from meat because they believe that this will ensure long and gifted lives for them. Most of the western people do not have a deep understanding of what Chinese New Year is all about. shape up more, this is not a common festival that they is celebrated. As a result, it creates a big difference of the surroundings for Chinese New Year. The purpose of report this interrogation paper is to compare the ways international Chinese students celebrate Chinese New Year in United States of America. I have been in America for 15 months this is my second year celebrating my Chinese New Year in the states. Since I have been here, I have never enjoyed the Chinese New Year anymore. Things were different here. I still have to attend... ...lso held a party in New Hub.In conclusion, celebrating Chinese New Year in the states is different compare to other Chinese countries. It is serious for a foreign Chinese student to adapt the different public opinion of celebrating Chinese New Year. Chinese students from different counties have different ways to celebrate Chinese New Year. subsequently I had been through a disappointing Chinese New Year for my first celebration in the states, I hope that other students would feel recrudesce for their first year in the United States. It helps to reduce the fear for international students of further their studies overseas. This research paper increases the understanding of different celebrations that are held by international students. After talking with students, I wanted to try to create a better Chinese New Year atmosphere next year in Indiana for those new Malaysian students.

The World Health Organisation Essay -- WHO World Health Organization P

The mankind Health g everywherening Introduction ============ The World Health Organization (WHO) was established in 1948 to deal with major health issues of the world. Some of the tasks the arrangement looks after are to co-ordinate medical research, monitor and combat the pathogenic distempers of the world, and to help developing countries set up adequate health services. The WHO has over 150 member countries with its headquarters Geneva, Switzerland. The aim of the WHO is to help people murder the highest possible levels of health. The services of the agency may either be consultatory or technical1. Some services include training of medical personnel, combating disease outbreaks and epidemics, and publishing a series of technical and scientific works. The arrangement of WHO comprises the policymaking brass known as the World Health Assembly, which consists of representatives of all member nations and assembles yearly. This hike comprises o f an exclusive board of 31 individuals elected by the assembly and a secretariat, consisting of a director-general and a technical and administrative staff. The agency has regional organizations for southeastern coupled States Asia, the eastern Mediterranean area, Europe, Africa, the Americas, and the western Pacific area1. The WHO and Severe Acute respiratory Syndrome (SARS) ==================================================== SARS is the first global epidemic of the 21st century that has ball over the economic and tourism industries. I have very little intimacy on epidemics and the SARS virus, therefore this is my chance to gain awareness on this matter. The first case of SA... .../RefEdList.aspx?refid=210133201 (Current at 9 June 2003) Severe Acute respiratory Syndrome http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/severeacuterespiratorysyndrome.html (Current at 9 June 2003) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) (Current at 9 June 2003) Severe Ac ute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) http//www.who.int/csr/sars (Current at 9 June 2003) CD-ROMs ------- World Health Organisation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ENCARTA 2000 ENCYCLOPAEDIA Books ----- Brooman J. United Nations? 1990. Pg 22. Longman Group UK Ltd. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 World Health Organization, Microsoft Encarta Encyclopaedia 2000. 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Wednesday, March 27, 2019

William Goldings Lord of the Flies :: Essays Papers

Lord of the FliesSummary One feature or so this take hold should be established from the start - this is not a childrens book. The littluns and bigguns represent members of the human race. The conflict between law and barbarism would have, I believe to be the same had the island been inhabited with adult survivors instead of children. The sweet is about a transition from an immensely exciting adventure of nigh children, to what eventually becomes full-scale fight, ending with the arrival of the naval officer who deliver them. Tough I still wonder if they were really saved, considering the atomic war which, at that time was still raging around the globe. The book begins by introducing the two of the characters - Ralph and Piggy. Ralph finds a conch (a shell shaped in such a way that when blown it will sound) and blows it, summoning the rest of the boys, who were on the aeroplane and survived the crash. Last to arrive are the sing, who are described as a black catterpillar mov ing along the beach. On closer examination is is appoint that there is a wide variance in the age of the boys, from about 6 to 12 years of age. From here on in the book the jr. boys are simply referred to as the littluns and the older boys as bigguns although the younger children are referred to more collectively in the story. Ralph is elected chief of the grouping and his first action is for Jack, Simon and himself to go on a scout to read if the island is really and island or is attached to anything else, they find that it is an island and return to the rest of the boys. It is immovable at the meeting held by Ralph that people should only be allowed to turn to at meetings if they have possession of the conch, thus giving the conch a special power to the boys. It is also decided that the choir should become hunters for food, with Jack (the choir leader) in charge of them. Above all this though is the importance of a fire being lit and staying alight night and day for a ship t o see and hopefully rescue them. At this point a small boy comes forward and tells the boys that he saw a ogre which he calls a beastie in the woods.

The Keys to Entrepreneurship Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursewo

The Keys to EntrepreneurshipWhat makes a lucky entrepreneur? What can nonpareil do to put oneself in a position to succeed on their own? Jay Goltz, for example, is an extremely triple-crown entrepreneur who started his stemma from the ground up. In the summer of 1978, Jay Goltz founded the Artists Frame Service. His business started by using his fathers root cellar as his office, but eventually moved to an old factory dominion in Chicago. Today, Goltzs business in the largest retail, custom picture anatomy facility in the United States, with over 120 employees and more than $9 million in sales. This success has led Goltz to earn several awards, including being inducted into the Entrepreneurship Hall of Fame. What did Goltz do or possess to make his business embark so successful? Perhaps if one asks the right questions the answers will get word themselves. Why do entrepreneurs like Jay Goltz succeed when so many others offend? Can a person develop the personality t raits to become a successful entrepreneur, and how would one attempt to do that? How important is a business plan when getting started in a business like Goltzs Artists Frame Service? By examining Jay Goltz, and how he started his business, one should be able to identify the attributes that are required to be successful in entrepreneurship.Jay Goltz succeeded in business, I believe, because he was much more prepared than the average person was. Along with possessing key personality traits, Mr. Golt...