Racism †Will it ever end? Essay

Racism has been an issue that has been around for hundreds of years. Since back from when people of color used to be slaves until now, it has been quite interesting watching all of it unfold and witnessing how the world has become a more united front. But with that said, has racist really ended? I mean with groups like the KKK amongst other hate groups that discriminate against people of different ethnicities, will hate and racism amongst other racists really ever be abolished? For my paper I will be focusing on Racism and the changes that have taken place throughout time. Although, these changes have played a huge role in regards to getting rid of slavery and helping to eliminate some hate, will racism ever completely end? I find that my topic is relevant to the course, in regards to the fact that it does follow the theme of racism and looks at it from more of a skeptical view. The central question that I will be answering throughout this paper is that racism still does in fact exist today and will probably never end within any of our lifetimes. I believe that by answering and bringing light to this question that it would help make sense of our course themes because the contents of this question is basically everything that we have learned throughout this course (race, racism, ethnicity, whiteness) and putting it into a working question that I can look at more closely and show results that racism will in fact never end for the rest of our lives. After growing up in a small, rural, predominantly Caucasian town where I have fell the victim to/witnessed racism and although the media may portray racism as diminishing and claiming that it’s existence is little to none, I know that it still does exist and in fact plays a big role in many peoples lives whether they notice it or not. There have been some secondary academic sources that do in fact agree with my thesis. One of the sources I found is a book called, â€Å"Racism out of Place: Thoughts on Whiteness and an Antiracist Geography in the New Millennium†. This book discusses racism within the new day and age. It gives us the example of two young white males who go on a killing spree of African-American and Hispanic individuals but were made to look like victims  in the media. The economics of Racism is another source that I find supports my theory by discussing in the 1970’s after the civil rights movement that the government was moving black people to the North because there was suppose to be no racism but that turned out to be completely false. The reading also looks upon how the media was portraying racism as gone when it really was not. The last source that I have found that supports my theory is a study based on anger in regards to African-American’s dealing with racism. The title of the study is called, â€Å"Getting Mad But Ending Up Sad: The Mental Health Consequences for African Americans Using Anger to Cope With Racism† This looks at how black people cope with dealing with racism and how it has negatively effected their well-being. Bibliography â€Å"Getting Mad But Ending Up Sad: The Mental Health Consequences for African Americans Using Anger to Cope With Racism.† Getting Mad But Ending Up Sad: The Mental Health Consequences for African Americans Using Anger to Cope With Racism. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. . â€Å"Racism out of Place: Thoughts on Whiteness and an Antiracist Geography in the New Millennium.† – Kobayashi. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. . â€Å"The Economics of Racism.† The Economics of Racism. Web. 4 Nov. 2014..

Two Ways to Belong

Two Ways to Belong in America Tiffany Detter PRPE 108 October 3, 2012 Caparas Mukherjee states, â€Å"In one family, from two sisters alike as peas in a pod, there could not be a wider divergence of immigrant experience. † (p. 282). Bharati Mukherjee was born and raised in Calcutta, India and immigrated to the United States in 1961 to earn an M. F. A. and a Ph. D. in literature. In â€Å"Two Ways to Belong in America,† Mukherjee addresses the issues that confront immigrants in America. In this passage we see how two of the same people can suddenly feel or experience the same thing in two different ways.Mira and Bharati immigrants from Calcutta have lived in the United States for some 35 years. The Mukherjee sisters find themselves on different sides in the current debate over the status of immigrants. Bharati is an American citizen and Mira is not. When the Mukherjee sisters moved from India they were almost identical in appearance and attitude. Their original plan was to endure two years in America, secure their degrees, then return to India to marry the grooms of their fathers choosing.However, Mira ended up marrying an Indian student and acquired the labor certifications necessary for the green card. Mira lives in Detroit, is nationally recognized for her involvement in the fields of pre-school education and parent-teacher relationships. After 36 years as a legal immigrant she clings passionately to her Indian citizenship and has hopes to return to India when she retires. Bharati married an American of Canadian parentage. She was able to bypass the labor-certification requirements and the race-related â€Å"quota† system.The Mukherjee sisters have remained sisterly close by phone. They probably pitied one another. Mira, for the lack of structure in Bharati’s life, the erasure of Indianness, the absence of an unvarying daily core. Bharati, for the narrowness of Mira’s perspective, her uninvolvement with the mythic depths or the superficial pop culture of this society. Mira feels manipulated and discarded. She believes its such an unfair way to treat a person who was invited to stay and work. Mira’s employer went to I. N. S. and petitioned for the labor certification.She believes that if America wants to make rules curtailing benefits of legal immigrants they should only apply to immigrants who arrive after the rules are in place. Mira’s voice is not just the voice of the South Asian community but of an immigrant community of the millions who have stayed rooted in one job, one city, one house, one ancestral culture, one cuisine, for the entirety of their productive years. Nearly 20 years prior Bharati was living in her husbands ancestral homeland of Canada where she too was always well-employed but never allowed to truly feel part of the Canadian society.Through a green paper that invited a national referendum on the unwanted side effects of â€Å"nontraditional† immigration, the go vernment officially turned against its immigrant communities, particularly those from South Asia. Bharati was able to feel the same feeling Mira currently has and will never be able to forget the pain of that sudden turn. A sense of betrayal had its desired effects and drove Bharati and thousands others from the country.Although the Mukerjee sisters differ, Mira being happier to live in America as expatriate Indian than as an immigrant American and Bharati have the need to feel like a part of the community in which she has adopted. The price that the immigrant pays is the trauma of self-transformation. My sister and I came to face similar hardships as the Mukerjee sisters only in a different way. There is one thing in life all kids eventually have to endure, that is unless you are home schooled. This place can be the most evil place or it can be fun and exciting. No matter what your outlook on this place is, you will have to go.We call this place HIGH SCHOOL!. It is the place of pee r pressure, cliques, different classes and TONS of students roaming the hallways. My sister, Brittany, and I went through this process, and that’s where the most evil thing happened. This is when our close relationship was turned upside down. Brittany was â€Å"cool† and â€Å"popular†. How could she not be? She had the looks, long blonde hair, super model figure, and a dark tint to her skin. Plus she was a cheerleader. Everyone loved the cheerleaders, or so it seemed. I on the other hand was know as â€Å"the brain† or even sometimes â€Å"nerd†.I had to everything to make it through those four dreadful years, only problem was everything was all up in my head and not in the looks. When we entered high school we promised each other that nothing would split us up. We ALWAYS did everything together. BOY WAS THAT A JOKE! This promise was soon to be broken. I wasn’t considered â€Å"cool† enough to hang out with Brittany and her â€Å"po sse†. No one wanted the little sister around or even the â€Å"nerd† to be interfering. Brittany even asked one day at home, â€Å"Why do you HAVE to hang out with me don’t you have your own friends? † So we parted our separate ways.I made friends and Brittany stuck to her group. We were still very close at home when it came to being around family but we were never caught around each other if her friends were around. It wasn’t until Brittany had graduated high school that some of her friends realized that I was more than just â€Å"the brain. † It was as if they had opened up their eyes and realized that I was actually pretty cool in my own way. I had all the quirks and qualities Brittany had except I had none of the drama. It took them constantly asking about Brittany in order for them to realize this fact though.Although I had learned how to cope on my own through high school, Brittany and I still kept our close connection behind closed doo rs. Just like the Mukerjee sisters, Brittany and I â€Å"have stayed sisterly close† (p. 281). We speak on the phone just about every week mostly about our families and children, and when we are with family we are always together. Brittany has showed me how to spice up my wardrobe as I have helped her learn to memorize and maintain her professional job as a nurse. Even though you may experience one thing two different ways you will always know how it feels when met with a situation that another is going through.

Reading Response to Introduction in Handbook of Race and Ethnic Studies Essay

Upon reading the Collins and Solomos introduction to their Handbook of Race and Ethnic Studies, I soon realized that the field of race and ethnicity is a diverse, living thing that is constantly evolving. The authors make reference to the fact that the civil rights movement has been working for decades and it appears at times that no progress has been made. They make this point by mentioning the nightly newscasts on television that show global atrocities brought on by policies of ethnic cleansing or other forms of hate. This is proof that more work has to be done and we must continue to seek and promote understanding and equality. Collins and Solomos also mention the rise of more right-wing political groups that they refer to as the new right. These groups use the media to promote their ideas of an ideal state. They state that `for the new right` the appeal is by and large no longer to racial supremacy cultural uniformity` and they get around this by  ¨parading under the politics of nationalism and patriotism ¨. This reminded me of my history classes in school where I first learned of Hitler and how he used extreme nationalism as one of his tools to gain influence and power over a economically struggling Germany. There seems to be a great many voices and perspectives out there that may contradict one another at times, but I feel that the study or race and ethnicity must continue to be pursued.

Tinton Falls Lodging Reality vs Unites States DMC Research Paper

Tinton Falls Lodging Reality vs Unites States DMC - Research Paper Example This discussion stresses that the area of law that is applied to the case is the law of contract. The parties that yarer involved in the case are the government and supplies organization. The case can be considered a federal case as the body involved is a federal body. The state of the case is in the appellate stage. The laws that are applied in the case are the federal laws the laws makes the court to construct a statutory law. The subject matter in the case is on government procurements and the legal issue is preemption of the laws of contract. The party that prevails according to the opinion of the court is the government who offered the contract. The legal role that the court creates in the situation is the rule of contracts, mainly awarding of contracts.From this paper it is clear that  the United States department on Navy on February 19 2013 issued a contract number N3220513-R-6005. This solicitation involved the coordination and management of lodging and transportation for c ivil service marines. The group at the time was completing the training that they had at a training center in Freehold. The contract was issued by MSC under the North America Industrial Classification system.  The main requirement of the solicitation was to provide enough rooms at lodging facilities in the area around the training center. The contract also needed transportation from the lodging facilities to the training center.

The CentralFush Website Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The CentralFush Website - Assignment Example Information categories on the website will be as follows:†¢Ã‚  Information about personsThe website will contain information of celebrities from around the world and the various activities that they are involved in, which are in tandem with the fashion trend being discussed. This information will be more graphical than written. The information will be in form of image and videos.†¢Ã‚  Statistical informationStatistical information on the site will cover the analysis of the numbers of young people who are following a particular trend in a given region.   The analysis will be in form of numbers and percentages as compared to the total figure.†¢Ã‚  Public informationPublic information will be general information that originated from the public. For instance, this category will cover the most stocked footwear in most shops in every region. The opinion that the shop-owners have for stocking the footwear will also be included on the website. This is public information. Fun ctions of the WebsiteThe primary function of the website is to deliver trending fashions content to the young people from all over the world. Secondary to this, is cultural integration through the appreciation of various fashions from other cultures.Other RequirementsThe major requirement that the site will need is tailoring it for mobile phone viewing. The reason for this is that many of the expected users will be browsing the site via their handsets. As such, it will be necessary to have the site optimized to run on tablets, iPads as well as mobile phones.

Comparison between Jamaicans and Trinidadians Essay

Comparison between Jamaicans and Trinidadians - Essay Example So, it is a fact that people from both countries look similar because they have same influences to share from the world that changed their history and future. When we talk about the culture of Trinidadians and Jamaicans, we come to know that both posses a rich blend of cultures influenced by British and Spanish who ruled them for years. The language of both Jamaicans and Trinidadians is English that is because of the influence from English and United Kingdom. Trinidadians and Jamaicans mostly belong to the Christian faith but Hindu touch can be seen in the Trinidadians because of the Indians coming from far east countries (Culture of Trinidad and Tobago, 2012). The cultural traits do differ in some aspects from each other but mostly they are similar. Both have ethnic and religious effects from diverse groups that keep on invading the two islands for several years. The love for dance, music and theatre in Jamaicans and Trinidadians are the same although the way they perform these acti vities may differ. Both identities seem to have great influence from Europeans who came outside the island to attack. That’s why they are similar in their habits and day to day affairs. When we talk about the similarity of culture between Jamaican and Trinidadians, we come to know that both people celebrate different festivals not only those of Christian origin but of Hindus and Muslims too. Dance, theatre, literature and writing all have been important part of Jamaica and Trinidad. Folk dance has association for both countries from colonial times and has fame all over the world due to the unique styles. Theatre is growing in importance too in both countries and both cultures show great interests in performing arts. When one talks about the Trinidadian literary work, Nobel  laureates Sir  Vidia Naipaul and Michael Anthony are the known poets in Trinida history. Derek Walcott, a  Nobel prize  laureate born in St. Lucia and studied in Jamaica shows the great interest of both countries in the field of writing and prove that how both countries are so close to each other in literary terms and they share a lot of similarities in different fields (Culture of Jamaica, 2012). It is not the cultural values and tradition that make these two nationals similar to each other despite many differences but it is also the sports that bring them together for sharing a common identity. Sports have always been a national identity of every country and all nations have a national game to differentiate them from each others. Jamaicans and Trinidadians both do not own a national game as both has been under the influence or British, European and Spanish for a while and the sports they play are also influenced. The most common games in Trinidadian and Jamaican countries are cricket. It is most probably influenced by English people who ruled both islands for years (Sport in Jamaica, 2012). Football and Rugby are recently growing sports in both countries that they love to p lay. Trinidadians also play hockey, golf, marathon and volleyball (Trinidad Sports, 2012) while what makes Jamaica to differ in sports is its interest in netball and Olympics. Jamaicans have brought many medals home in Olympics and its athletes have great recognition all over the world. Sports played in both countries may differ from each other to some extent but it

I want you to choose a topic from the readings Essay

I want you to choose a topic from the readings - Essay Example Sarah sparks is talking about entitlement in students and further explains some of the different scenarios that irritate students leading to aggravation. Students according to a research by Tracey Zinn, a psychology associate professor, show that teachers may be unintentionally feeding the sense of entitlement. The professor and the James Madison colleagues are researching on ways to measure academic entitlement and how it develops. Findings have surprisingly found out that students are most likely to show â€Å"serious instances of incivility† right after academic assessment, be they tests results or mid-term grades. Some of the symptoms they came up with showing entitlement in students were: knowledge is a right that should be delivered with very little effort or discomfort on the students part; a high grade should come, not from mastery of material, but in return for non-academic aspects of education; if a student does not perform well on a test, it is a sign that the test was too difficult, not that the student did not understand the material. The researchers also found out that students who scored high on assessment of academic entitlement were less able to control their own learning and had less sense of control. However; professor Zinn has not found the direct cause and effect between specific teacher behavior and student entitlement. The professor though suggests that, there are some potential ways teachers can cut down on the whine. These included options such as providing clear expectations for students and assignments, in which the effort put in is clearly related to the grade a student, will receive. They should explain why particular policies are set up and also explain the value of the task the teachers ask students to do. The teachers are urged not to respond to students request for â€Å"the right answer† but rather help students to understand the concepts and to think through their own problem solving. As

Cardio-Vascular Diseases in Women Research Paper

Cardio-Vascular Diseases in Women - Research Paper Example CVDs ranked third of all deaths that occur in women around the globe. Death rate in women due to ischemic heart diseases is 3.4 million; stroke is 3 million and rheumatic, hypertension and inflammatory heart cases accounts for 2.2 million deaths annually. Moreover women from low and middle income nation are more expected to expire after these circulation issues as compared to the developed ones. In United States, death rate among women due to these CVDs has been calculated as 1 death per minute in 2007 (Pilote et la., 2007) (Go et al., 2014)The ethnic backgrounds also have impact on this ailment. In United States, there are considerably elevated rates for the black females who are the sufferers as compared with their white correspondents i.e 286.1 out of 100,00 blacks as equated to 205.7 per 100 000 whites. The one reason for this prevelance is related to the awareness of strokes and heart diseases that has been acknowledged to be more in white as compared to blacks (Kleindorfer et a l., 2009). Furthermore women of developing countries are at higher risks for developing cardiovascular disorders than men. Some high risk diseases for these events are diabetes, as diabetic type 2 women are at higher risk for developing circulation issues as compared to men. Age is another determining factor such as young women experiencing heart attack have higher death rate as compared to their male counterparts of similar age. Disabilities and associated complications are also more in females as compared to males.

Self reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Self reflection - Essay Example tion of leadership from a broad perspective that is a skill that can be learnt rather than a personal trait that always remains with a single individual. Although many individuals are born with qualities that allow them to become leaders in their domains, however, it is not something that cannot be learnt. In the past, whenever I used to act as a leader, I used to dominate the group members in order to control them; however, the course helped me in realizing that leadership is not about controlling others but it is more about understanding others and transforming group into teams and teams into learning communities. All this can happen with application of different tools and strategies and that is the reason nowadays, educational institutions are offering courses on leadership that indicates the validity of my earlier reflection related to leadership. While I reflect more, I believe vision and farsightedness is not something that is always God-given but it is something that an individual can learn by using tools of strategic planning and effective management of resources (Cheng, pp. 15-32). Unfortunately, these tools are usually overlooked and ignored by individuals at organizations and institutions, and which do not allow them to transform from managers into leaders. I am a confident person and love to accept challenges; however, I have mostly dealt challenges with emotions and most importantly, kept everything with myself to make it a one-man show. From deep reflection, I have come to an understanding that leadership is not about ‘me’ but more about ‘us’ (Taylor, Machado, & Peterson, pp. 363-386). Leadership focuses on motivating and appreciating members in the team rather than focusing on giving orders. In this regard, I surely will put efforts in ensuring such practices in the future and would surely involve strategic planning in my projects that was missing in the past. I remember an inspiring saying from the group discussions in the class and that

The Nature of Culture Essay Example for Free

The Nature of Culture Essay The term â€Å"culture† is mentioned almost everywhere—in the television, at school, in politics, and in the media. What is the nature of culture? What is its function in the society? How does culture relate to individuals and how does culture change? The Nature of Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Culture refers to the collectivity of human activities and symbols that are generated to give deeper meaning and significance to these activities. According to Findley and Rothney (2006, p.14), culture may be â€Å"understood as systems of symbols and meanings that even their creators contest, that lack fixed boundaries, that are constantly in flux, and that interact and compete with one another. † The culture of any given society may be seen in the lifestyle of people, the music and literature, as well as the painting, sculpture, film, and in the technology being used by the society. Culture may also be seen in terms of consumption patterns of people. According to anthropologists, however, culture is far broader than consumption because consumption falls into the broader framework that gives meaning to consumption goods being purchased by people. The science, religion, and relationships between and among people and institutions are all part of culture (Findley Rothney, 2006). On the other hand, cultural anthropologists use the term â€Å"culture† to denote the process and the ability of humans to think about, classify, and communicate experiences and other things in symbols. This means that the experiences, goods, services, and commodities that humans get access to are assigned particular meanings and importance. This process becomes even more important in the case of communities where individuals interact with each other and with the institutions and traditions of the community or society (Findley Rothney, 2006). Culture, the Individual, and Culture Change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An individual gets the symbols, traditions, and modes of thinking that are prevalent in the society. Given this, an individual’s mode of thinking is shaped by the culture of the society that they are in. Cultural change, no matter how difficult it appears to be, happens all the time. As generations come and go, the modes of behavior, conduct, and arts of a society change because new inventions and factors in the society are introduced. This can be explained by Thomas Kuhn’s theory on paradigm change. When new technologies, ideas, and processes are introduced, the symbols also change and the way that these processes are understood must change as well. Take for example the nature of the rapid technological change in our society. These changes are happening now at a breakneck speed. Instant communications, instant foods, and other instantaneous processes affect arts, music, and more fundamentally, the nature of interactions between and among people. The prevailing culture and traditions, however, will not simply be supplemented by the emerging new culture. Traditions also affect ways of thinking and how these changes shall be viewed in the broader society. With fast technological change, and the rapid obsolescence of gadgets and technology, the mode of thinking in the society is also changing. The elements of tradition and the modes of thinking in the present culture are also necessary for the transition to be effected. As the negotiation between the old culture and the emerging one proceeds, a new culture emerges in the process. Reference Findley, C. V. Rothney, J. A. (2006). Twentieth-century World, 6th edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Harlem Renaissance Art Style and History

Harlem Renaissance Art Style and History The legacy of the Harlem Renaissance is that it redefined how America and the world, viewed the African-American population. The migration of Southern Blacks to the North changed the image of the African-American from rural, undereducated peasants to one of urban, cosmopolitan sophistication. This new identity led to a greater social consciousness; African-Americans became players on the world stage, expanding intellectual and social contacts internationally. Some common themes represented during the Harlem Renaissance were the influence of the experience of slavery and emerging African-American folk traditions on black identity, the effects of institutional racism, the dilemmas inherent in performing and writing for elite white audiences, and the question of how to convey the experience of modern black life in the urban North. Characterizing the Harlem Renaissance was an overt racial pride that came to be represented in the idea of the New Negro, who through intellect and production of literature, art, and music could challenge the pervading racism and stereotypes to promote progressive or socialist politics, and racial and social integration. The creation of art and literature would serve to uplift the race. New Negro is a term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation. The term New Negro was made popular by Alain LeRoy Locke. It is my intent to show how Carl Van Vechten, James Van Der Zee, and James Latimer Allen interpret and display the New Negro in their work of portraitures. As white families moved from cities to suburbs, the advent of World War I created a shortage of labor in northern cities. African Americans began to migrate north from their southern rural homes. During the 1920s, 1.5 million African Americans migrated north in hope of employment and relief from tthe prejudice that oppressed them so severely in the South. Van Vechtens many portraits of African-American performers, writers, and musicians taken in New York City reflect his interest in African Americans and the arts. They also reflect the growing presence of African Americans in northern cities resulting from the mass migration of the 1920s. More than this, these portraits also document the impact of this migration in popularizing African-American artistic movements such as jazz, the blues, and the Harlem Renaissance. I am certain that my first interest in making [these] photographs was documentary and probably my latest interest in making them is documentary too . . . I wanted to show young people of all races how many distinguished Negroes there were in this world . . . he adds that the process of making photographic portraits is a magical act. Bessie Smiths notorious private life contributed to glamorizing the self-destructive behavior often associated with jazz, blues, and rock performers of the present day. Smiths excessive drinking, violent temper (and physical strength), and predatory sexual life involving both men and women were boundary breaking, even by the standards of free-living musicians of the Roaring Twenties. A number of Smiths recordings in her later career were frankly pornographic, reflected both her loss of stature as an artist and her first-hand experience in reckless and often abusive relationships. All of this is important to keep in mind while analyzing this piece. We see the subject, Smith looking up and back at a bust of an African statue. While she is physically looking in a backward motion it can also be interpreted as a metaphor for l ooking into ones own past and heritage. With Smiths dicey past and morally grey activities Van Vechten portrays her as a beautiful female specimen who is in adoration of her African roots. Van Vechten place Smith below the statue which forces her to look up in its direction which is historically pious in stance. She is in veneration of her ancestors; she has them to thank for her present success as a performer. The portraits taken by James Latimer Allen were of many men and women who created the Harlem Renaissance exhibit with a purposeful uniformity. Men dressed in a dapper manner in suits and ties, women in their Sunday best. Through this formal statement Allen was underscoring the emergence of what a local magazine, The Survey Graphic, in 1925 had called the New Negro. Harlem photographer James Allens portrait of graphic artist James Lesesne Wells shows his subject intensely engaged with a drinking cup from Central Africa. Wells gazes down on the face carved on the vessel as if communing with an ancestor. The entire notion of this photo is very contrived. It is a bit of a strain to believe that Wells has a deep connection much less a full understanding of his ancestral past. The fact is the New Negros was a group that had never known slavery. Therefore they were comfortable with the idea of succeeding in all realms of culture and in any profession. Whether Wells understands or appreciate s the artifact if it is even authentic doesnt matter. What is really important is his presence and brooding manner. He seems to be engulfed within his own thoughts. His meditative state gives the viewer the idea that this Black man is able to think on a high level proving his intelligence and all around competence within society. His is very neatly put together; though no real emphasis is put on his attire we can still tell that he is not poor. Wells is looking down at the cup, a contrast to the image of Smith who is looking upward at her African fetishe. In comparison, these two images are similar in that they both are looking to their past and pieces of African art which serve as an affirmation of their heritage and identity. In contrast, Wells is putting himself above and beyond his ties to slavery; he is asserting himself into the image of the New Negro. Wells may reject the European ideas of primitivism because he himself is an artist who is very influenced by European woodcuts and their makers. Alain Locke happens to be one of his biggest supporters which may also feed into his self assured and confident nature that he is about to portray. Aesthetically the composition is lacking. Our eyes are guided diagonally to the cup so that we too may contemplate and feel the magic that lies within the cup. As contrived as the pictorial space and composition is, it certainly promotes the values of the New Negro. A lot of scholars and critics agree that James Van Der Zee documented the truth and he was very creative and realistic in doing so. They feel he used photography to document Black America by creating a vision of success and naturalness. Through his artwork he wanted to show that life for African Americans in Harlem could be better and will be better. He wanted them to have a better, wealthier image showing that they too can be successful he took pictures of them either looking strong, happy, or dominant. Van Der Zee had the ability to construct his compositions so they were visually interesting and coherent. They have an aesthetic dimension that is independent of whatever they depict. Experts explain that the best photographers do the unexpected; they do not just focus on the fantasized world but the real world also Van Der Zee did both. He provided an image for African Americans showing success and showing what they face in everyday life by creating a natural look so they fit in. Wo rks by Van Der Zee are artistic as well as technically proficient. His work was in high demand, due in part to his experimentation and skill in double exposures and in retouching negatives of children. A theme that reoccurs in his photographs is the emergent black middle class, which he captured using traditional techniques in often idealistic images. Negatives were retouched to show glamour and an aura of perfection. This affected the likeness of the person photographed, but he felt each photo should transcend the subject. His carefully posed family portraits reveal that the family unit was an important aspect of Van Der Zees life. He photographed the people of Harlem for more than six decades, depicting the life of one of the most celebrated black communities in the world. By providing elaborate costumes, props, and backdrops, in combination with creative double exposures, expert retouching, and airbrushing, Van Der Zee became renowned for the quality of his portraits. Van Der Zee actively worked to manipulate an image through careful composition, use of multiple negatives, retouching, dramatic lighting, and skillfully painted backdrops and props. It is tempting to compare his multi-layered images to photomontage created in the 1920s and 1930s. However, Van Der Zee was familiar with neither the avant-garde photographic practices in Europe nor the modernist photography by Alfred Stieglitz. Although he gained fame for his portrayal of African-American celebrities who passed through Harlem, Van Der Zee made his daily living by taking thousands of photographs of Harlems residents, including family groups, weddings, athletic teams, and social clubs. In this portrait, Wedding Day, Harlem, Van Der Zee was creating an unusual but realistic message. The most important concepts of the portrait are the facial expressions on the bride and grooms face. The bride is looking at the camera while the groom is looking at her. Her face has a serious structure, showing that she is dominant, as her body is positioned slanted position but her posture is straight. The groom is admiring her and being a gentleman. The painted backdrop of the fireplace and a superimposed image of a little girl who is playing with a newly available black baby doll all speak of the couples dream of a middle class status. The architecture of the columns and the ornate chair are visual tropes that have been used throughout history in such other wedding portraits such as the Arnolfini portrait. A domestic family life, and black pride are the ideas all fall into line with the New Negro movement these are all concepts that Van Der Zee puts into action in his portraits. These works portray the peoples of African descent in a positive light in normal, human situations. Historically and continually, peoples of African descent are often portrayed negatively in the various media, and many mainstream photographers working in areas such as Harlem, have historically highlighted squalid conditions, social problems, or exoticism. Such Western interest in tribal artifacts grew from the colonization of Africa by Europeans, whose takeover of the continent is documented through a colored map. By 1900, few major artists were untouched by the fascination with African and Oceanic primitive art. Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, and others were drawn to the styles and motifs from these non-Western cultures as a way to challenge traditional aesthetic ideas. They saw western styles as stagnant and irrelevant to modern society. Unfortunately, part of the expectation of African-American artists of this time period was to relate to and produce images that correlated with tri bal artifacts. While Europeans understood African objects through the lens of colonialism, Americans viewed them as representing the legacy of slavery and segregation. Racial biases resulted in the negative perception of African art which persists to this day. But since the Harlem Renaissance is remembered as a fleeting golden age; a contemporary viewer cannot help but read evanescence into these portraits. Van Der Zee, Allen, and Van Vechten did their part to promote African-Americans in a light that they deserve even if they may not have monetarily deserved the title. All humans deserve the right to dream and have the same goals despite racial barriers. It is my belief that these artists truly upheld the image of the New Negro while also continually trying to move forward with that idea and their own artwork. Carl Van Vechten, Portrait of Bessie Smith James Van Der Zee, Future Expectations (Wedding Day)1926 James Latimer Allen, Portrait of James Lesesne Wells, c. 1930.

Software Patent and Copyright Laws in India :: Technology Computers Essays

Software Patent and Copyright Laws in India This Midterm Paper investigates the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), primarily Copyrights and Patents in India. The Paper performs a Legal as well as Ethical Analysis of the Indian IPR Laws. It recommends improvements; especially regarding Global Issues related to Software Patents and IPR over the Net by substantiating evidence from the Embassy of India Policy Statements and from a reputed magazine in India, called India Today. The author fully acknowledges citations from all the references. Intellectual Property Rights in India There is a well-established statutory, administrative and judicial framework to safeguard intellectual property rights in India, whether they relate to patents, trademarks, copyright or industrial designs. Well-known international trademarks have been protected in India even when they were not registered in India. The Indian Trademarks Law has been extended through court decisions to service marks in addition to trademarks for goods. Computer software companies have successfully curtailed piracy through court orders. Computer databases have been protected. The courts, under the doctrine of breach of confidentiality, accorded an extensive protection of trade secrets. Right to privacy, which is not protected even in some developed countries, has been recognized in India. [1] Protection of intellectual property rights in India continues to be strengthened further. The year 1999 witnessed the consideration and passage of major legislation with regard to protection of intellectual property rights in harmony with international practices and in compliance with India's obligations under TRIPS. As regards the aspect enforcement, Indian enforcement agencies are now working very effectively and there has been a notable decline in the levels of piracy in India. In addition to intensifying raids against copyright infringers, the Government has taken a number of measures to strengthen the enforcement of copyright law. Special cells for copyright enforcement have been set up in 23 States and Union Territories. In addition, for collective administration of copyright, copyright societies have been set up for different classes of works. Copyright Protection in India India has one of the most modern copyright protection laws in the world. Major development in the area of copyright during 1999 was the amendment to the Copyright Act of 1957 to make it fully compatible with the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. Called the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1999, this amendment was signed by the President of India on December 30, 1999 and came into force on January 15, 2000. The earlier 1994 amendment to the Copyright Act of 1957 had provided protection to all original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, cinematography, films and sound recordings.

Classroom Discipline and Management Philosophy Essay -- Classroom Manag

The goal in our classroom is to teach self-discipline, responsibility, cooperation, and problem-solving skills. Common causes of misbehavior include an attempt to meet unmet needs (belonging, significance, fun); a lack of needed skills (social and academic); inappropriate expectations; lack of structure; and a lack of sense of relevance. We will be focusing on non-punitive solutions to problems based on kindness, firmness, dignity and respect. True discipline comes from an internal locus of control (self-discipline), not an external locus of control (punishments and rewards inflicted by someone else). Some of the strategies used in our classroom will be proactive and some will be reactive. Many proactive strategies will be in place so that the use of reactive strategies is limited. These strategies include, but are not limited to: . Classroom Organization- Typically a Proactive Strategy although can be reevaluated as a Reactive Strategy- Classroom is thoughtfully designed to welcome all children, value everyone’s ideas and work, support active and engaged learning, support diverse developmental levels and learning styles, fosters independence, responsibility and cooperation, cultivates the care of materials and equipment, and gives students some choices in the learning process . Reinforcing teacher language- Proactive Strategy- Based on the idea of noticing what students are doing that we want them to keep doing; Names concrete or specific behaviors; Reflects important goals and values . Reminding teacher language- Proactive and/or Reactive Strategy- Reflects clearly established expectations; May be a question or a statement; Is brief and direct; is used when both the teacher and th... ... be sent to a â€Å"buddy room† to allow them a new environment to regain composure within) . Referral to Director, Assistant Director, or School Counselor- Reactive Strategy- Referrals to individuals outside of our classroom occur occasionally when o A Student’s behavior prohibits the class from moving forward in a productive way o If something occurs that the teacher believes needs immediate attention that cannot be given by the teacher at that moment o Others are perceived to be in danger References Nelsen, Jane. Positive Discipline. New York: Ballantine Books, 2006. Nelsen, Jane, Lynn Lott, and H. Stephen Glenn. Positive Discipline in the Classroom, 3rd ed. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000. Responsive Classroom, Level II Resource Book. Turner Falls, M.A.: Northeast Foundation For Children, Inc., 2008.

Eudora Weltys The Golden Apples Essay -- Eudora Welty The Golden Appl

Eudora Welty's The Golden Apples The review "Technique as Myth: The Structure of The Golden Apples" by Daniele Pitavy-Souques presents an easy and reasonable approach for reading Eudora Welty's The Golden Apples. Her ideas, which address structural unity, represent a sound foundation of simple fact, which in turn, provides a better understanding. The finished product, written with concise and understandable language speaks to a clearer vision of Welty's ever-present themes of fascination, mirroring and separateness. Daniele Pitavy-Souques begins her review by pointing out difficulties most articles have with the structural unity of The Golden Apples. She says,"Nearly all articles dealing with The Golden Applesas a whole tackle the problem and attempt to solve it by establishing close parallels between (mostly) Greek mythology and the various characters and incidents in the book" (109). She continues with:"Content cannot be dissociated from form; the text should be analyzed as a whole. Indeed, its narrative functioning deserves the closest attention since alone i...

Lord of the Flies Essay

Essays should be based on a student’s personal experience or observations. The essay should show how a Law of Life applies to a student’s life. Essays that focus on a historical character or that read like a book review are not winning essays. Essays should contain a â€Å"law of life† expressed as a maxim, saying, or quote. (â€Å"Honesty is the best policy† is a Law of Life; the word â€Å"honesty† is not. Essays that do not contain a saying or quote are not eligible to win prizes.) WRITING A GEORGIA LAWS OF LIFE ESSAY Pointers for Students A Law of Life is a wise saying or quote that contains words of truth, lasting meaning, or inspiration. Examples of Laws of Life include: â€Å"An attitude of gratitude creates blessings.† â€Å"You are only as good as your word.† â€Å"To have a friend, be one.† â€Å"Honesty is the best policy.† â€Å"When it is dark enough, you can see the stars.† â€Å"Smile and the world smiles with you.† Think about a personal experience that has taught you about a Law of Life. The experience may have been a major event in your life, or it may have been a small, private moment when you came to understand something profound about life. Perhaps the experience was something traumatic, such as when you or a family member were in a car wreck. Or perhaps the experience was something  that makes you smile every time you think of it – the time your grandmother taught you how to bake a blueberry pie, or the time that you and a friend discovered that laughter was the best medicine. Write an essay that relates your experience to a Law of Life. Be sure to clearly state the Law of Life in your essay! Remember that the best essays include lots of details. These details make the reader feel as though he or she was right there with you when the event occurred. Let the reader know exactly how you felt, and why. Your essay should be between 500 and 700 words. Essays that are shorter or longer than this will be disqualified from the contest. Placing the essay’s word count at the beginning or end of the essay is helpful, but it is not required. Complete the Student Entry Form and staple it to the top of your essay. Make a copy of your essay to keep; the copy that is sent to the Laws of Life Essay Contest will not be returned to you. _ _ _ _ _ _ †Fill your paper with the breathings of your heart.† -William Wordsworth STATE WINNERS $1,000 – First place winner $750 – Second place winner $500 – Third place winner $300 – Fourth place winner $200 – Fifth place winner SCHOOL WINNERS & GRADE WINNERS $100 per School Winner* *School must submit a minimum of 200 essays total for the School Winner to receive a cash award. $50 per Grade Winner* (3 per school)**

Human Relations Essay

1) The Term Human Relations in it’s broadest sense covers all types of interactions among people–their conflict, cooperative efforts, and group relationships A) The Study of Human Relations emphasizes the analysis of human behavior, prevention strategies and resolution of behavioral problems. Human Relations in the Age of Information America has gone from one age to the next, Industrial to information. This leaves us with a profound impact on interpersonal relationships. Living in an age where the effective exchange of information is the foundation of most economic transactions means we all make major life adjustments 1) Increased reliance on information technology often comes at the price of less human contact. 2) A Human Contact deficiency weakens the spirit, mind and body. 3) Neglecting the cues and clues that lie outside the tight focus of  information can limit our personal and professional effectiveness A) Today’s knowledgeable worker needs to take more account of people. The Importance of Human Relations Several important developments in the workplace have given new importance to human relationships. Each of the following developments provides support for Human Relations in the workplace. ƒÞThe labor market has become a place of churning dislocation caused by the heavy volume of mergers, acquisitions, business closings and downsizing. â€Å"Temporary Personnel only add to the mix Organizations are increasingly oriented toward service to clients, patients and customers. Most owners and managers are reluctant to embrace the idea that people are the heart of every form of quality improvement. Workplace incivility is a treat to employee relationships. Many Companies are organizing their workers into teams in which each employee plays a part Diversity has become a prominent characteristic of today’s work force. Growing income inequality has generated a climate of resentment and distrust. The rules for work are changing and we’re all being judged, whether we know it or not, by a new yardstick—not just how smart we are and what technical skills we have, which employers see as givens, but increasingly by how well we handle ourselves and others.. The Need for a Supportive Environment Human Relations, when applied in a positive and supportive environment, can help individuals achieve greater personal satisfaction from their careers and help increase an organization’s productive efficiency. The Forces Influencing Behavior at Work An understanding of human behavior at work begins with the six major forces that affect every employee regardless of the size of the organization; 1)Organizational Culture Mission Vision Beliefs Values 2)Supervisory-Management Influence Philosophy Competence Leadership Style 3)Work Group Influence Social Supports Emotional Support Support for Meeting Goals 4)Job Influence Meaningfulness Responsibility Knowledge of Results 5)Personal Characteristics Abilities Interests Aptitudes Values Expectations 6)Family Influence Work-Family Initiatives Family-Friendly Culture The Development of the Industrial Revolution Early attempts at increasing productivity focused on things, recently the trend is to focus on people. â€Å"XThe Impact of the Industrial Revolution â€Å"XTaylor’s Scientific Management You can only get so much more productivity out of reorganization and automation. Where you really get productivity leaps is in the minds and hearts of people. ~James Baughman (DMD G.E. Corp.) Mayo’s, â€Å"Hawthorne Studies† The study of illumination, ventilation and fatigue on production workers at Hawthorne Western Electrical Plant in the mid-1920s. â€Å"XAllowing feedback increased morale therefore productivity â€Å"XInteraction on the job creates an Informal Organization which exerts considerable influence on a workers performance â€Å"XCan be credited with helping to change the way management viewed workers From The Great Depression to The New Millennium â€Å"XInterest In Human Relations waned an other issues came to the fore â€Å"XPost WW II Human Relations was again brought to the front in an effort to increase productivity â€Å"XTheories and Concepts have begun to focus more on understanding human interaction since the 1950s Major Themes in Human Relations 1)Communication 2)Self Awareness 3)Self Acceptance 4)Motivation 5)Trust 6)Self Disclosure 7)Conflict Resolution Human Relations Benefits to You Most jobs today are Interdependent, if persons in these jobs cannot effectively come together as a team, the efficiency of the organization will suffer. Summary This study will assist in our better understanding of both personal and organizational needs and goals, and how such will affect our own self esteem and our inter relations with our co workers. This is not a set in stone type of direction it is but a guideline for solving those â€Å"people related† problems we all face in our day to day lives. If we follow these guidelines we may become more sensitive to which choice to make when faced with a difficult decision or problem, and choose wisely to anticipate or even prevent conflict and minor problems. All in all, the awareness of how interpersonal human relations are responsible, to a high degree, for the efficient and productive operation of any and all organizations that are populated with a human workforce has increased tremendously. If the seven major themes of; communication, self-awareness, self-acceptance, motivation, trust, self disclosure, and conflict-resolution are brought into play daily, they can improve success for personal growth and satisfaction of  organizational objectives.

Anger Management Essay

Anger is a normal state of emotion and can be helpful in times of confrontation because it increases our focus and improves out performance (Tamir). But, that same anger if uncontrolled can cause high blood pressure and the over indulgence of tobacco, alcohol and over eating. All of which lead to heart disease as well as the destruction of personal relationships in our life at home, work and school. (Potts). This is why it is so important to learn how to manage anger in every situation and not let it gain control of our lives. Every person at some time experiences anger so it is crucial to identify the causes before they happen so that steps can be taken to stay in control of our emotions. Anger is typically caused by a variety of factors. The main factors are stress, exhaustion, suppressing emotions from previous confrontations, feelings of being misunderstood and failure. (Kazdin) Anger only becomes a problem when a person loses control of themselves in what they say and do to others. This loss of control can lead to devastating consequences both to the one that is angry and to the people surrounding them. Some of the consequences of this anger issue when control is lost can be depression, relationship problems, as well as destructive activities to oneself and others. (http://anger-issues. org/) To stay in control of an issue, you must first identify the contributing factors and what to do about them before they happen. So how is a person to deal with anger? Not getting angry is the best solution, but as human beings that is not possible. When becoming angry some of the best ways to control it are to identify stress as it is happening, develop empathy, respond instead of reacting, change the hought processes you are having, communicate assertively, adjust your expectations, forgive, and retreat to rethink the situation. (Novick) We need to identity stress before it becomes anger. This step in anger management requires that we be self-aware and have a complete understanding of our limits so that we can specifically identify stress factors. When we know and understand that stress is the underlying cause of anger and can identify that stress we are better able to set limits. These limits allow us to interact with other people and participate in activities that we find enjoyable without confrontations. They also allow us to set boundaries for others in our personal relationships so that these relationships can be mutually beneficial. Developing empathy for the other person is another way to control anger. When we learn to see situations from another’s point of view it is much easier to stay in control of our emotions. By putting ourselves in another’s place and understanding their needs and desires we show maturity and gain understanding that we did not have before. This skill, when practiced, can lead to better team work among individuals when working on projects. It can also ease the tensions that accompany relationships with family and spouses. As human beings we not only have the capability to be angry but we also the capability to choose how we express that anger. Having this choice allows us to learn new ways to communicate our needs, feelings or requests more effectively. By learning new ways to express anger we are enabled to respond to others rather than automatically reacting to them when they cross our boundaries or limits and trigger our emotions. Anger is an emotion that can feed on itself. When situations that cause anger in an individual are constantly replayed in that persons mind, the angry feelings continue to grow until they are all encompassing. This all-encompassing anger clouds our judgment of the situation, changing facts and altering memories to justify the anger itself. Yet, if a person can change the thought processes that are feeding the anger and divert their attention from the anger to another more pleasurable situation they are more ble to take control of their anger and stop it from developing further. By developing the ability to change our thought processes we are better able to release our anger and not let it consume us as well as training our minds to focus on more important issues that are in need of our attention. When we learn how to communicate in an effective and honest way how we are feeling and are able to respond to situations without getting angry or hostile we are gaining valuable leadership c haracteristics as well as diffusing the emotion of anger. When we get angry with another person we are giving that person control of us. When we refrain from getting angry and take control of our own emotions we portray maturity and not only the ability to control ourselves but to stay in control of the situation around us. Anger can often be the result of expectations that are not met by situations or other people that we come in contact with. When we learn to adjust our expectations without showing anger we can learn how to deal with the difficult people or situations in our lives in a better way. This valuable tool, that allows us to adjust expectations, can also teach us how to compensate for our own deficiencies or failures in life. We learn how to release ourselves and others from feelings of judgment and unworthiness. When we find release from these feelings of self-doubt we also release the mechanism in our mind that activates our fight or flight urges. Anger in the form of resentment causes more damage to the person that is angry than to the offending party. It can result in weight loss, insomnia, alcoholism, drug dependence as well as high blood pressure and heart disease. By making a conscious decision to release the emotions of anger through forgiveness or acceptance of the other person, while reestablishing our boundaries, we can make a major step toward controlling our anger. Learning this release of anger is a gift that a person gives themselves. It enables the person to live a happier life without the constant reminder of what happened replaying in their mind and gives that person a peace that is more valuable than wealth. When faced with a situation that has become volatile another technique for anger management is to retreat to regain perspective and think the situation through. This allows a person to gain the opportunity to step back from the situation and identify what is the root cause of their emotions and whether or not an angry reaction will help the situation or whether it will make the situation worse. If it is a person that is bringing about feelings of anger, then they should let that other person know that they will return to the discussion when they have cooled down. This way no harsh or hasty words are spoken, no feelings are hurt and control will have still been maintained while gaining time to think about what specifically has been the root cause of anger. If a person is performing some type of work when feelings of frustration and anger begin to arise, the best choice is to stop what they are doing and do something completely different from what they were doing before. This again gives the person a time out break to think about the root causes of their anger and the specific reasons for their frustrations and by reducing tension that person is more likely to see a solution to whatever has frustrated them. Anger is not created the same in every person, nor does every person show anger in the same way. Different beliefs as well as the way that people interpret different situations in their mind will produce different emotions (Kazdin). It is only when a person becomes aware of their limits and gains an understanding of their individual patterns of emotions that they are able to gain control of their emotions and learn to change how they respond to situations and events that they come into contact with. After a person gains an awareness of the different elements in their mind and how they cause emotions, that person will be more able to use techniques to change the way that they react. With the ability to identify stress comes the opportunity to eliminate the focus of a person’s anger and unhappiness. The main benefit from learning how to identify all of the factors of stress and learning how to manage them is that, with practice, the identification and response becomes automatic and so there is no anger to control or manage because a person has none.

Chacarter Analysis in Chekhov’s The Bet

â€Å"The Bet† is quite an interesting story since it can be appreciated as a simple reading-piece or as a complex, contentious, argumentative text that deals with the very controversial topic of capital punishment. From the very beginning, it grabs the reader's attention by introducing the death penalty issue as the chief subject of a pretty heated discussion between two characters that, by merely expressing their point of view, will become the two main characters of the story. One of them is an old banker who has made a great fortune by participating in some highly profitable investments.The other one is a young, promising lawyer who shares his life with, apparently, no one. The banker, old-fashioned as he is, believes capital punishment is far more effective than imprisonment for life; however, this being said, the young lawyer stands up and does not hesitate when it comes for him to speak out his point of view: that life imprisonment is what should be applied by law becaus e â€Å"†¦ The death sentence and the life sentence are equally immoral, but†¦ To live anyhow is better than not to all. Consequently, a lively discussion arose and the banker got aired away by excitement and, therefore, betted two million pounds that the lawyer wasn't going to be strong enough to stay in solitary confinement for five years. In the heat of the moment, or maybe because of his self-determination; not only did the lawyer take the bet, but actually made it worth for fifteen years. But who was the strongest? Who was going to successfully prove his point of view to the others? Well, the author (Anton Chekhov) wrote this particular story in an absolutely objective way: he did not evidence his personal point of view whatsoever.In fact, this story turned UT to be so impartial that it is rather hard to tell who's right and who's wrong when it comes to an end. Therefore, we can only assume that, in order to achieve this degree of neutrality, the author had to use tw o much defined personalities. This is probably why this two men can be described so easily: because of their strong and determined character that will only help us understand why do they stand by this two very opposite ideologies. The lawyer, as far as he has been described throughout the story, totally fulfils this requirement by being as ambitious, focused and determined s he is.And why can the reader be so sure that the lawyer is that ambitious? Simply because it takes a lot of this quality to be able to give up absolutely everything for the humble figure of two million pounds. And why can the audience describe this amount of money as a humble figure? Just because, compared to freedom, this money is completely worthless. Why would someone be after so much money if he is wasting fifteen years of his life by staying voluntarily locked up? Earnestly, It cannot be explained since nothing should really matter when your freedom is at stake†¦ Nothing would be more important.After a ll, let us Just remember that the lawyer's ambition is far from stopping there: he was also quite hungry for wisdom and knowledge. During his incarceration years, the lawyer did actually grow to enjoy, and even love, the reading and learning of various aspects such as languages, philosophy, history, sciences, medicine, theology and literature. Besides, once the bet was accepted by both men, it was decided that the lawyer would stay under the strictest supervision, being exclusively aloud to ask for books, a musical instrument, wine, cigarettes and newspapers.Nevertheless, the lawyer refused wine and tobacco because â€Å"†¦ Wine excites the desires, and tobacco spoilt the air of his room†¦ â€Å". Therefore, he had to adjust by getting used to spend all of his time surrounded by books. He, then, went from Shakespeare and Byron all the way to The Gospel and a manual of medicine. The more he spent in that prison, the more information he got into his system. But it was neve r quite enough. Nothing was ever enough. Now, when it comes to the lawyer's extreme determination, there is one specific quote that fits in perfectly: â€Å"†¦ UT I would stay not five, but fifteen years†. This informs all possible doubts about the lawyer being ready to sacrifice everything for one simple bet. Moreover, it verifies that he is a rather lonely and solitary man. Albeit we can only guess what was going through the lawyer's mind when he decided to extend the five-year bet by ten years; supposing that he might have felt that five years were not nearly enough as for him to demonstrate he was right and â€Å"defeat† the banker might be a quite accurate presumption.Also, when it comes for him to demonstrate how wiser he had grown during those shelter years, he immediately wants to make everyone aware of his knowledge. This is why he decides to write a letter in six different languages, all of which he learned while being in prison; and asks the banker to m ail it to anyone who could correct him so that, should they find not one mistake, a shot should be fired as for him to be aware of whether he had done well or not. The banker, satisfying the lawyer's request, did as he had been asked to and, as a consequence, two shots were fired.This filled the lawyer's hart with an â€Å"†¦ Unearthly happiness†¦ â€Å", thus it corroborates that he was strong-minded about making the most out of this fifteen years even if many other men would have insider it a waste of time and a way of throwing a person's life away. Let us not forget that the lawyer's determination went so far that he actually turned down the to million pounds payment that was owed to him for being able to cope with the voluntary fifteen-years imprisonment. He even said he despised â€Å"†¦ Freedom and life and health. And that is why, to provide evidence for it, he was to leave the prison â€Å". Five hours before the time fixed, and so break the compact†¦ † Was he or was he not ready to do anything and everything as to impose his standpoint? I think he was, he finitely was. Being as focused as he is might be considered as another great quality of his that allowed him to muddle through with the voluntary imprisonment. He somehow managed to make up a plan that would, eventually, prevent him from finding himself full of spare time and nothing to spend it on.It must be really hard to stay in a room for fifteen year without losing your mind. Admirably, he achieved it. Even though, the first couple of years he spent in that room weren't especially easy for him (â€Å"†¦ He suffered severely from loneliness and depression†¦ â€Å", spent days eating and drinking ND lying on his bed, yawned angrily while talking to himself and wrote things so as to tear them up later), he did finally focus and realized how much he could accomplish if he only took it seriously and worked hard. And he did.Just remember the extent of his adva nced language, theology, philosophy, history, sciences and literature studies, and decide for yourself whether he wasted his time or not. He used up those years by learning new skills: he read books, studied various subjects, played the piano, and finally found a way so as to let people know that he had done all those things. His thirst for knowledge could only be satisfied by learning more and more, non-stop; and after carrying out this Job, he made sure his efforts were properly recognized.It takes a lot of strength to be capable of dedicating such a lot of time to one particular thing, but it takes even more vigor to do it from prison and for fifteen years. He controlled himself well enough, focusing on â€Å"the task† and; as a result, proved that voluntary incarceration could be handled as promised. When I was told to write an essay describing either the banker or the lawyer, I thought it couldn't really be done. However, finding three main qualities that made them so di fferent but gave them both a strong character was not as hard as I thought it would be.I decided to choose the lawyer simply because, in my opinion, he's constantly developing. At the very beginning of the story, he says that life should be appreciated more than anything else. Yet, when the story comes to an end; he states that, after going through everything that he went through during those fifteen years, he now despises life and health. Besides, he is pretty ever-changing, as it can be seen when he modifies his activities from year to year during his incarceration time.Now, as far as I'm concerned, none of this transformations he went through, was really a decisive point when it comes for the reader to choose which is better: incarceration for life or capital punishment. Why? Well, simply because his condition after spending fifteen years in Jail substantiates the fact that lifelong imprisonment kills slowly: the lawyer was so thin that â€Å"He was a skeleton with the skin draw n tight over his bones†¦ â€Å", his face was yellow and his cheeks hollow, his hands were thin and delicate and his hair had grown silver. â€Å". No one could have believed that he was only forty. Consequently, I believe that, in order to finish this piece of writing properly, some words about the main theme of the story should be wrote down. Therefore, I shall include my personal opinion on the subject: I believe that â€Å"The State Is not God. It has not the right to take away what it cannot restore when it wants to. † It isn't immoral to apply imprisonment for life as a way of punishment for those who kill or rape. It is only fair. However, it is quite understandable when people think of a murderer and wish they could see him gone for good.Even so, nowadays, we cannot afford having people who take Justice on their own hands applying the eye for an eye ancient policy, it Just wouldn't work†¦ It would turn societies into many messy anarchist systems. When you make use of that kind of policy, you turn into an even more immoral person than whoever did it simply because you are committing the same crime (even if it isn't against the law) and you are simply doing it as a vendetta. Likewise, it is not up to the State to decide who dies and who doesn't. If the State kills, no matter the reasons they might give for doing such a thing, it is still like killing someone.It shouldn't even be considered as a possibility to deal with the criminals because it only sends out one message: killing is the solution; and that can only lead to a more violent society. This being already said, I suppose this story never gives out a conclusion. It has an open ending as regards the capital punishment matter. It never says who's right and who's wrong and, because of this, it gives the reader the opportunity to consider the two viewpoints and make up an opinion for himself. Or at least, that is what happened to me. This confirms how this story is, after all, incre dibly objective.

Argumentation with Rhetorical methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Argumentation with Rhetorical methods - Essay Example In an attempt, to have a clear understanding of this theme it is important to put into perspective various quandaries. First, considering if working in a dumpster is a solution for not working in a ‘sweatshop’ would be beneficial. Secondly, at the same time it is important to consider whether working in ‘sweatshops’ is a form of slave labor and lastly, if the improvement of ‘sweatshops’ would make them be accepted in society. Human rights organizations play a great role in giving shape in the matter of sweat shops. The organizations also ban governments from importing goods originating from factories with poor working conditions. Giving a shape to a problem is one thing and not giving a solution on it is a different thing. Talking out the government into stopping ‘sweatshops’ is possible, but stopping the people themselves from working in dangerous environments, without giving them an alternative is not possible. This is because individuals will take into slave labour as the only option. When dealing with this only two options take shape; make ‘sweatshops’ have favorable conditions for people to work in or let people face poverty due to their levels in society. As much as slave labor is inhuman, but with standards improvement of working conditions can lead to the acceptance of sweatshops. In an instance, where all ‘sweatshops’ are disguised as inhuman and shut down; and in another scenario, ‘sweatshops’ are provided with favorable working conditions, as a result, employment goes a notch higher. In the first scenario, poverty levels mostly in developing countries will by far increase. This is an interpretation of the fact that, even though, there are no poor working conditions, poor livelihoods are existent. In the second scenario, there will be good working conditions, in that the society will be alleviated out of poverty, and increased factory output from within the particular country. In this case study, I am

Pollution Caused By War Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pollution Caused By War - Research Proposal Example Radioactivity, toxic chemicals, unexploded devices, and unsanitary health conditions will continue to scar the war zone for decades into the future. The human cost of this pollution is enormous and little is being done to hold the warring parties responsible for repairing the damage left behind. Landmines litter the playgrounds, toxins invade the food chain, and a plethora of health problems arise to further burden civilian population in the previously occupied lands. Recent decades have seen an explosion in wartime pollution and little has been accomplished to gain international agreement on the treatment and cleanup of affected areas. Wars have always left behind some form of pollution, usually in the form of unexploded ordinance that littered the landscape. During the US Civil War smoke was a major pollutant, but its effects were temporary as the smoke would clear and nature would reclaim the landscape scarred with craters. However, Vietnam would change that as "It is generally accepted that the extensive use of environmental destruction as a strategic practice in war dates from the use of defoliants during the war in Southeast Asia" (McCally 278). The forests in Vietnam were cleared with a chemical agent known as Agent Orange, a deadly herbicide that denied the enemy of food and cover. The amounts left behind in the soil and food chain had the greatest effects on the civilian population, which had little protection from the Geneva Convention or similar international agreements. Modern warfare had taken a leap and could no longer control the devastating effects of the pollution left behind. Another devastating pollutant has recently come in the form of depleted uranium (DU), a highly dense metal used for armament and armor plating in military applications. DU illegally litters the battlefields in Kosovo and Iraq and is spread throughout the environment after a contamination event. "Over the days and years following such an event, the contamination normally becomes dispersed into the wider natural environment by wind and rain. People living or working in affected areas may inhale contaminated dusts or consume contaminated food and drinking water" (Depleted Uranium). The effects of exposure to DU can range from kidney problems to lung cancer, and the World Health Organization warns that, "Small children could receive greater exposure to DU when playing in or near DU impact sites. Their typical hand-to-mouth activity could lead to high DU ingestion from contaminated soil" (Depleted Uranium). The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has been active in attempting to c lean up DU contaminated sites, but Henk van der Keur of the Laka Foundation1 contends that the use of DU is in direct violation of international law (A Day to Prevent Environmental). Cleaning up the damage may come to late for many that have already been exposed, and international groups are calling for an outright ban on DU. While the effects of Agent Orange and DU may linger unnoticed as an odorless and colorless poison, the effects of oil pollution in the Mideast have been more profound. The widespread fires from the ignited oil wells after the Kuwait War could be seen for miles, and "Iraq's release of about 10 million barrels of Kuwaiti oil into Gulf waters caused great stress to an ecosystem already suffering from decades of abuse" (McCally 278). At the time, there was little international

The effect of liberation on economic growth of China Essay

The effect of liberation on economic growth of China - Essay Example After setting up of WTO with an aim to enhance international trade to a large extent by demolishing all kinds of trade barriers imposed by individual countries, the member states of WTO has been making extensive efforts to liberalize their trade with each other and with other countries as well. China is not an exception. In the china, efforts to liberalise trade by reducing different trade barriers have been started to be undertaken since the initiation of economic reform in this country during the decade of 1970s. Theory suggests a close link between foreign trade and economic growth. There have been a large number of theoretical and empirical works, which have tried to examine the link between international trade and economic growth. While a number of studies have found a positive association between enhanced international trade and economic growth, a large number of studies have also refuted the claim on the basis of their research that international trade facilitates economic growth. (Edwards, 1993) In the present study the case of China will be taken under consideration, as china has become one of the most powerful and rapidly growing economies in the present world. It would be very interesting to see how trade liberalization has affected economic growth in China. For this the period of 1970-2007 will be taken under consideration, as it was only in the decade of 1970’s (late 1970’s) when China put emphasis on the issue of trade liberalization as one of its economic reform policies. However, in this context, one thing should be mentioned that trade liberalization got a huge boost in China during 1990s as it was making its path easy to became a member of WTO during this period. Trade liberalization basically implies reduction in the tariff rates and removal of non-tariff barriers. Since late 1970s china has started to undertake several measures of trade liberalization to increase its foreign trade. This paper will

The Impact of Social Awareness in Reducing Energy Consumption Term Paper

The Impact of Social Awareness in Reducing Energy Consumption - Term Paper Example In this case, it is for the sake of future`s time. The methodology used in this study is internet research in which the writer browses information and pictures that are needed to complete the study. As a result, it can be concluded that building social awareness through many ways like television advertisements to social networks usage can be maximum campaign to achieve the purpose. In this case, how to make a better future by reducing the use of energy consumption. Table of Contents Acknowledgement .....................................................................................................................2 Abstract......................................................................................................................................3 Table of Contents....................................................................................................................4-5 Introduction.................................................................................. ..............................................6 1.The Continuous Growth of Energy Consumption in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia....................7 1.1.Background: Problems of Energy Sustainability........................................................7-8 1.2.The Continuous Growth of Population..........................................................................9 1.3. Dependence to Light Bulbs on Decoration..............................................................9-10 1.4. The Unnecessary Over Use of Electricity...................................................................10 1.5. Lack of People Awareness..........................................................................................11 2. Developing Social... This study aims at analysing the facts happen in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia about its use of energy consumption. It has been found that the trend of the use has increased as time goes by. The energy that has become main concerns are oil, gas and electricity. According to the paper findings as there are matters occur after the trend of using energy increases, the writer decides to enlighten the readers with solutions of building social awareness to reduce the energy consumption. The purpose of this study is to remind people that it is crucial to minimize the consumption of energy. In this case, it is for the sake of future`s time. The methodology used in this study is internet research in which the writer browses information and pictures that are needed to complete the study. As a result, it can be concluded that building social awareness through many ways like television advertisements to social networks usage can be maximum campaign to achieve the purpose. In this case, how to make a better future by reducing the use of energy consumption. Energy is one of the factors of the movements in this life. Many aspects need energy in order to survive; a life without energy could be terrible situation especially to our modern society. Can you im agine several conditions such as; offices and houses without electricity, daily activities without transportation facilities, There are no planes or ships to reach other cities and countries, cellular phones without battery, or even no energy to support internet connection.

Offshore Tax Evasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Offshore Tax Evasion - Essay Example However, there exist numerous opportunities for juristic entities such as corporations, foundations and trusts to avoid taxation by operating in multiple, carefully chosen jurisdictions using carefully chosen techniques designed to minimize taxes. This report identifies various methods of tax avoidance by multinational corporations and other entities and makes policy recommendations with respect to closing these loopholes and level the playing field between competing businesses and tax jurisdictions. Outline Introduction Offshore Tax Evasion and Avoidance Tax Havens Corporate Tax Avoidance Methods Use of Tax Havens Debt Allocation Earnings Stripping Transfer Pricing Contract Manufacturing Hybrid Entities Hybrid Instruments Magnitude of Losses Policy Issues Repeal of Deferral Partial Abolition of Deferral Formula Aportionment Splitting Foreign Tax Credits Recommendations and Conclusions. Introduction Offshore tax avoidance has greatly increased in the last decade. Multiple multination al corporations; banks and even individuals have shifted their tax responsibilities and eliminated tax in their domestic businesses (Owens, 2007). Tax avoidance resulted in reduced government revenue and reduced domestic businesses activity, as big multinationals were rewarded for their financial manipulation instead of innovation, job creation or productive investment. Lack of transparency by various governments has greatly facilitated offshore tax avoidance. Poor preparation at the policy level in countering tax abuse has resulted in many multinationals and individuals relocating their â€Å"tax home† to a tax haven. As mentioned by Sullivan (2008, p. 726), use of offshore accounts poses a threat to sovereign governments as companies use havens like Cayman Islands and Bahamas to evade tax. Global integration of financial markets and the improved communication and information technologies has made the creation of these offshore accounts and shell companies easy. Globalizatio n, coupled with lack of transparency among various countries (which is vital in tackling tax abuse) has increased the incidence of tax evasion and avoidance at both the individual and corporate level. In the new era of banking without borders, corporations and wealthy individuals are free to transfer their capital abroad and channel it to passive investments in offshore jurisdictions. This makes it possible for them to evade paying income taxes. Offshore tax havens are countries that engage in â€Å"tax competition† with the high-tax regimes. As mentioned by Sullivan (2007, p. 329), offshore tax evasion and avoidance has put sustainable and responsible businesses at a competitive disadvantage as their competitors avoid taxation by the use of tax haven structures and strategies. Tax evasion deprives countries of revenue and this limits the development and modernization of infrastructure, which is vital for a strong economy. Offshore tax evasion According to Owens (2007), inter national tax evasion is categorized into corporations’ tax evasion and individuals’ tax evasion; it can also be categorized into legal tax avoidance and illegal tax evasion, depending on whether the tax avoidance is broadly or narrowly defined. International tax evasion could also be distinguished by the measures taken or measures that could be used in reducing the subsequent loss. Government revenue losses arising from individual tax avoidance are usually associated with the use of narrowly defined tax haven, corporate tax evasion

Learning Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Learning Style - Essay Example There are, however, those that have admitted that if they want to be at time annoying they may stay in a mode that is different from the person that they are working with (Van, 2007). For example, when asking for evidence in an argument they might ask for written evidence clearly knowing that the other person often likes to use oral information. A multimodal learning preference can be described as a preferred way of learning new information or material that incorporates several different and diverse styles of learning. The different modes of learning that are combined in multimodal are visual and auditory. It is imperative to understand that one is a unique learner, and there is no one that learns exactly as another (PavicÃŒÅ'icÃŒ , 2008). However, there exist a lot of benefits in discovering one’s learning style. First all in academic matters, it often gives on a head start and maximizes one’s learning potential. Secondly, it helps one to succeed in college, or university as one is able to understand how he or she learns best. Further, one is allowed to learn more by overcoming the limitations of poor instructors as well as reduce the stress and frustration that is often accompanied by one not fully realizing his or her learning style. When it comes to teaching it is imperative for a tutor to understand the different learning styles of his or her student. The tutors must realize that all the students have different learning styles that are unique and for this reason they should be treated as such. If the tutor understands the different learning styles of the students, he or she might become an effective tutor because information will be released easily. Research often suggests that each person often tends to adopt a particular approach when studying (Van, 2007). My preferred learning style is multimodal; this is because this learning style is a combination of all the learning styles. It involves auditory, and visual.

THE IMPACT OF THE HAJ EVENT ON VISITORS TOWARD THE HOSTING DESTINATION Research Proposal

THE IMPACT OF THE HAJ EVENT ON VISITORS TOWARD THE HOSTING DESTINATION - Research Proposal Example The evaluation of the event will be an essential attribute that requires a proper analysis and elaboration of the issues that take place within the same platform. This report proposes that the events profits the hosting country a lot due to the influx of people while also creating an opportunity for small scale traders to expand their business so as to gain from these events. The proposal will examine the different issues that affect attitudes when dealing with mega events. The proposal will evaluate the events and the value dimensions that define attitudes when dealing with such events. It will also look at the impact of having such an event to the hosting country as the costs and benefits will be felt most by the host countries. Most of countries have begun to open up on hosting mega events. The Hajj has always been an awaited session amongst the Muslims due to their religious connotations. Others have been yearning to host events as big as the fifa world cup and the Olympics because of the tourism benefits they accrue as a country (Horne and Manzenreiter, 2006: 190). The goal is to understand whether the benefits will outweigh the costs and whether the host country will manage the people who come to the country (Jones, 2001: 242: Daniels, 2006: 335). These have also shaped the world tourism patterns because everyone knows that the Hajj period is directed to Mecca and any world cup will be directed to the hosting countries. With time, people already shape their tourism patterns. They have also highlighted the new tourism destinations and brought new demands to these countries (Gelan, 2003: 410). The main expectation, however, is that the host country will have heavily invested in infrastructure, sporting facilities and security to avoid any fatalities due to the huge crowd (Szymanski, 2002: 170). The improvement will benefit the country afterwards, but the

Marketing Communications Management at ALDI Group Case Study

Marketing Communications Management at ALDI Group - Case Study Example ALDI had a long-standing reputation of being a cheap discounted chain and often in West Germany, before about 1990, ALDI shops were often ridiculed as being cheap shops selling poor-quality goods. ALDI's customers were alleged to be only poor people who couldn't afford to shop elsewhere. ALDI also had a hard marketing strategy in that it refused to sell branded products and stuck to its private label products claiming that it helped to cut prices. Although ALDI is very popular in its own target segment, the company decided that a complete revamp was needed. The 500 million pound budget was aimed at improving the existing stores and building new ones. The image of the store was to be upgraded to target middle Britain while carrying specialty products was aimed to bring in upmarket customers and retaining them. Above all the image upgrade was aimed at encroaching into the market shares of its close competitors Tesco and Sainsbury. The ultimate aim was to have 217 more stores by the year 2010, totaling about 500 in the U.K alone. ALDI's strategy for marketing consisted of a TV campaign helped along by an outdoor poster activity and newspaper advertising. The common thread that binds them together is the catchphrase," Spend a little, live a lot". ALDI which embarked on this campaign had never undertaken any kind of PR activity during its past years of existence. The hard discount concept is all about keeping expenses to a minimum so the stores can undercut the main supermarkets on their limited ranges of 650 to 1 200 products, depending on the operator. ALDI's website tries to push the quality angle. It talks about quality products and wide choice "that combine with prices that never fail to astonish first-time shoppers [...] our stringent selection process enables us to offer our customers own- brand products whose quality matches that of leading brands." ALDI has also has entertained the media at one its store openings and tried to improve its visibility in the eyes of the general public through the publicity. In the US, it has used weekly inserts in the newspapers to garner public attention.

Quesadilla Case Essay Example for Free

Quesadilla Case Essay The quesadilla was first discovered in Mexico in the late 1500’s. The corn tortilla was originally discovered and created by the Native Americans (123 Long). In the 1500’s and early 1600’s the Spanish added to the quesadilla by putting pork, beef, chicken, and other ingredients into the corn tortilla. In most regions, especially the central region of Mexico, a quesadilla is a circle of uncooked corn masa folded in half and filled with cheese, then warmed up until the cheese has melted. However, variations include the use of wheat flour tortillas, especially in the northeast part of Mexico, which are more like cheese tacos found in the United States (â€Å"Mexican Food†). Wheat dough is used in place of corn masa in pastes, a preparation typical of the Mexican city of Pachuca, Hidalgo. El Salvador also has its version of the quesadilla. Unlike its Mexican counterpart, the Salvadoran quesadilla is a dense bread dessert that is usually eaten with coffee. The ingredients include flour, milk, eggs, butter, sour cream, sugar, and Parmesan cheese (62 Pilcher). The ingredients are mixed to create a batter and then baked in a shallow pan in the oven for about 30 minutes. This type of quesadilla is also common in Guatemala and southern Mexico states like Chiapas and Oaxaca. (48 Long). The sincronizada is a tortilla dish frequently confused with quesadillas by tourists because it is what is typically called a quesadilla in most Mexican restaurants outside of Mexico. Sincronizadas are made with a flour tortilla covered with cheese and then covered with another flour tortilla. And usually other ingredients like roasted beef, ham, or chorizo are used, just like in regular quesadillas. The early natives of Mexico did not have ovens, instead they heated food over and open fire, using cast iron skillets and ceramic ware. Another method was steaming (38 Pilcher). They would suspend meat wrapped in cactus or banana leaves, over boiling water in a deep pit. Frying was also a popular method. They used a metate y mano, which is a large tool made of lava rock or stone that they would use as a grinding stone or the molcaiete, which was smaller, to grind and smash ingredients (100 Long). The molcaiete, or mortar and pestle, is a small bowl shaped container that can be made of stone, pottery, hard wood or marble, and the pestle is baseball bat shaped. The quesadilla as a food has changed and evolved over many years as people experimented with different variations of it. Depending on someones culture, the way the quesadilla is made can vary (â€Å"Mexican Food†). The true quesadilla is made with masa dough. Masa is prepared from maize blanco that is dried with limewater, after it is ground into a fine cornmeal. â€Å"This was passed down from the Mayans, Aztecs and a few other cultures of the prehistoric Americas. The purist prepares the quesadilla as a turnover and differentiate it from the sincronizada, which is made with two flour tortillas with the cheese in between. Traditionally Chihuahua cheese is used, which is a white, mild, Mexican cheese, similar to a Monterey Jack† (â€Å"Mexican Food†). In the 15th century, when the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the New World, the thin, flatbread was already a perfected staple of the Mesoamerican people. The Spanish gave the name quesadilla to the delicious dish. The name quesadilla translates to â€Å"little cheesy thing† which was a name given by the Spanish. As one can tell, the quesadilla has evolved and changed within the 400 years since it has been created. Many different cultures contributed to this and made the quesadilla what it is today. From baking over a hot fire to frying there are many ways to make a quesadilla, and this has evolved and varied in todays modern kitchens and restaurants. As the years go by, the quesadilla is still popular and made in kitchens everyday!

History of the Atom Discovery

History of the Atom Discovery Mohammad Shahraan Khan  Phys Helen O’Keefe The secrets of atom Democritus was the first one to suggest that objects are made from something called atoms. Although Democritus was an ancient Greek philosopher, the word ‘atoms’ is from the Greek word atoma which means individual. Democritus was around from 460 – 370 BC and he further deduced that atoms are solid spheres and that they can’t be split anymore. Next, Aristotle who was also an ancient Greek philosopher, offered that items or objects were made from ‘Elements’. He said that the elements are either earth, wind, fire, and water and the properties to go with it for example dry, cold, hot, wet. Something could be made by joining elements together and could be converted into other things by adding other elements. Aristotle’s atomic theory was to show that anything made with fire could be either hot or dry or if anything was made with earth, this could be either dry or cold. At that time arguments were established by thought, reason and debate, there were no experiments as experiments were thought to be vulgar. Now as Aristotle was a wealthy man and was treated as a celebrity, his explanations were based on familiar experiences, he made conclusions based on what he saw for example snow and fire joined together makes water. Whereas Democritus was not as popular and nobody wanted to believe him as his theory was saying that atoms couldn’t be seen. Basically Aristotle’s theory was the basis of atoms all the way to the middle ages. In addition, Robert Boyle who was around from 1627 – 1691, studied gases and conferred the likelihood of atoms existing. He predicted that elements are made from something called ‘corpuscles’. He stated that atoms are organised in groups and that different groups are different chemical substances. It was around his time that experiments has started to come around. Moreover, Isaac Newton was another scientist who was around 1643 – 1727, he also studied gases. He is famous for being the one who discovered gravity. He proposed a mechanical universe where solid masses were in movement. Also that atoms/particles are not stationary. Furthermore, Antoine Lavoisier who was around 1627 – 1691 became known as the father of modern chemistry. He was an excellent experimentalist, and as such he assembled an accurate and precise balance to investigate oxidation. He demonstrated that when a substance is oxidised, the increase in its mass is equal to the mass lost by the surrounding air. He stated one of the most fundamental laws of science which is the mass conservation law and it states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed. Additionally, John Dalton was around from 1766 – 1844 and he suggested a theory of atoms, which are that elements consists of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms of the same element are alike whereas atoms of different elements vary in size, mass and other properties. Atoms cannot be divided, created or destroyed. Compounds (molecules) are made when different elements are joined together in whole-number ratios. In a chemical reaction, atoms are linked, separated or rearranged. Likewise, during the 19th Century, people were eager to find new elements and by 1860, 60 new elements had been discovered. Then a scientist called Dimitri Mendeleev who was around in the time of 1834 – 1907, had a concept of classifying the elements. He rearranged the elements in order of ascending atomic weight, he discovered consistent patterns and he invented a table to predict presence of numerous elements. The modern version of the periodic table organises elements according to an ‘atomic number’. An atomic number is number of protons added with number of neutrons. Changes that are given to the modern periodic table are the positions of some elements. Also then in 1857, Heinrich Geissler experiments on whether electricity can still travel, if the air was taken away. So when most of the air was sucked out, the tube still glowed. This attributed the small amount of air left in the tube. He discovered different gases generated different colours of light. People liked this a lot and so used them for entertainment for example neon lights. Energy saving lightbulbs are an example of gas discharge tubes. Then another scientist named Crookes who made a vacuum tube and he made a better vacuum tube than Heinrich Geissler as it sucks more air out. As a result there is no glow in the tube but on the glass at the end of the tub glowed green. There a cross was produced a shadow on the screen. For the vacuum tube, whatever moved the current, travels in a straight line. Crookes designed a lightweight wheel to see if the rays made it turn. The experiment method was to apply a voltage to the apparatus, the wheel moved away from the cathode but the light wouldn’t turn this wheel. Cathode rays must be some kind of small particle. J.J. Thomson who was around 1856 – 1940 wanted to see if the particles could be strayed by a magnet and also if another voltage was applied to the tube. He designed an even better vacuum than Crookes’ and Heinrich Geissler’s vacuum tubes. He observed that the rays bounced towards the positive plate. Particles are negatively charged. He hypothesised that these particles are part of the atom. â€Å"†¦ the atoms of the elements consist of a number of negatively electrified corpuscles enclosed in a sphere of uniform positive electrification, †¦Ã¢â‚¬  1^ and 1* [Thomson, 1904] This was compared to a British dessert at the time so it became known as the plum pudding model. Ernest Rutherford was around from 1871-1937, was accountable for discoveries in radioactivity and nuclear physics. He was a student of J.J. Thomson and wanted to determine the size of the atom. He fired positively charged particle at a thin gold foil. He anticipated positively charged particles would not deviate as they passed through the positive sphere. Rutherford actually observed that about 2 in every 7 positive particles deflected back. â€Å"It was quite the most incredible event that has ever happened to me in my life. It was almost as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you.† Ernest Rutherford. 2^ and 2* [Rutherford, 1964] He discovered alpha and beta rays that pioneered the laws of radioactive decay, and acknowledged alpha particles as helium nuclei. This showed that there is something in the centre of the atom and it contains most of the atomic mass. Rutherford clarified his results by saying that atoms is ma de up of mainly empty space, they are small, dense and that there is a positive sphere at the centre known as the nucleus. The positively charged particles are redirected if they are close enough to the nucleus and also that electrons orbit the nucleus. There is a theory known as the electromagnetic theory which states that any charged particle in a circular orbit radiates electromagnetic energy. The electron loses energy as it orbits the nucleus. The radius of its orbit decreases as the energy decreases. The electron should spiral towards the nucleus. The electron should emit electromagnetic waves as it loses energy at a mixture of frequencies over a certain range. The radiation spectra were not continuous. The emission spectra couldn’t be resolved with the Rutherford model, no one really understood why the formula worked. Although a scientist named J.J. Balmer has studied the emission spectrum for several elements. Spectra for other elements could be predicted using the formula. A mathematical model could be made on observations from hydrogen. Neils Bohr who was around at the time of 1885 – 1962 came with a revolutionary proposal which states energy of an orbiting atom is quantized i.e. only particular types of energies are allowed. Energies must be multiple of a base unit, he also proposed that the electrons could jump between orbits. He was the one that pioneered the quantum theory. The Bohr model shows that electrons orbit in shells of definite energy. If an electron changes from a higher to a lower energy state, the change in energy is proportional to the frequency f of the emitted photon. The energy is given off as a photon of definite energy. This relates line spectra to atomic model. Energy is only released when electrons moves to a lower energy state. Photon represents the â€Å"spare energy†. Planck proposed light travels in discrete packets of energy which is quanta. Quanta is photons. Photons move at the speed of light and they have an associated frequency. For the electron to emit light, minimum energy is required. Quantum theory explains the photoelectric effect. Einstein’s equation E = mc2 relates matter and energy. In conclusion the atomic structure and the atom itself is so interesting to learn about and you could spend millenniums studying about it. It built the way to radioactivity, x ray treatment, matter and anti-matter particles even dark matter just with atoms. This pioneered nanotechnology and most of the stuff we see today. The theory of relativity could be related to this in a way because atoms were the cause of all these theories we see today. Richard Feynman who became one of the best-known scientists in the world remarks about the atom in this statement â€Å"If all of scientific knowledge were to be destroyed, and only one sentence passed on to the next generations of creatures, what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is the atomic hypothesis that all things are made of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another. In that one sentence, you will see, there is an enormous amount of information about the world, if just a little imagination and thinking are applied†¦Ã¢â‚¬  3* and 3^ [Feynman, 1998] this quote demonstrates that how atoms are so interesting and so interesting that even in millennia people will be studying it. Bibliography 1* Thomson, J.J. (1904). On the Structure of the Atom: an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure (extract of paper). Philosophical Magazine, p.237 (British science journal) 2* Rutherford, E. (1964). Rutherford and the Nature of the Atom by E. N. da C. Andrade, p.111, and quoted in Nobel Laureates in chemistry (1901-1992) by Laylin K. James, p.57. 3* Feynman, R. (1998). Six Easy Pieces: Fundamentals of Physics Explained (Penguin Press Science, Paperback), p.4 References 1^ Plum Pudding Model. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved 12th February 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_pudding_model 2^ Ernest Rutherford. (n.d.). In Wikiquote. Retrieved 12th February 2015, from http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford 3^ Richard Feynman. (n.d.). In The Information Philosopher. Retrieved 12th February 2015, from http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/feynman/ Word Count 1811