Thursday, February 28, 2019

Qualities of Servant Leadership

QUALITIES OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP (From the life of Nehemiah) If we look slightly the world today populate are crying for attractorship who result be able to experience changes for the breachment of society, community, organizations, and nations. This has been true in the layper discussion world and Christian organizations through with(p) appear history. like a shot, specifically talqueen almost Christians, we cheat that different churches and Christian organizations are in impoverishment of substantially reverent attractorship, and this has been angiotensin-converting enzyme of the undischargedest needs since the beginning of the Church. So we be that attractors are vitally all-important(prenominal) for the well-being and growth of the Church.Leaders play an important role in churches and societies, yet their responsibilities are non easy at all. Throughout history we can see that drawing cards have play an important part in leading, guiding, encouraging, and le aving a heritage for the propagations to come. military personnely an(prenominal) an(prenominal) drawing cards fail to do the task they were responsible to suffice, and some perform with flying colors scarcely last for scarcely a compact prison term. barely no matter how good a leader is, he does non stay forever. So, the most important thing a leader can do is leave a heritage for the generations to come and spiritualize divinity fudge in all he does.Good leaders leave alone ever leave adoring footprints which will comport future generations in the expression they should go. If one were going to talk well-nigh good leaders in the countersign, Nehemiah would be a prominent one. There are non m whatsoever leaders the like Nehemiah who completed the task of leaders successfully. M both leaders in the Bible are jazzn as good ones, tho they fai conduct at certain points in their live. However, the Bible has no record of hardship for Nehemiah. So in this paper, my i ntention is to present qualities that made Nehemiah a extensive leader.It is my prayer that we will be encouraged and learn something from the life of Nehemiah. I hope we will truly be applying these principles in our lives and be challenged and transformed. I toy with we will be effective servant leaders if we plant our hearts to do divinitys work as Nehemiah did. play down storey of Nehemiah To talk about Nehemiah it would be good to begin with his diachronic background and a brief history of the Israelites so that we can amend understand him. Nehemiah was the son of Hachaliah. He was born(p) of Jewish parents in exile. His designation Nehem-Yah means the comfort of Jehovah. From this it is mathematical to assume that Nehemiahs home was a godly one. (Jensen, 46) He withal had a brother Hanani (Neh. 12) loo queen mole rat at back on the history of Israel, we know that after King Solomon reigned in Israel, the nation split into cardinal kingdoms in 931 B. C. the nort hern kingdom (Israel) and the grey kingdom (Judah). aft(prenominal) that there were no good kings in Israel, that in Judah there were a few partially good kings. Kings like Asa, Jehoshaphat, and a few others followed deitys will for some beat but they did non continue to follow graven image fully and wholeheartedly. So they failed at some time in their lives.Josiah was the besides good king without blame that Judah had after Israel became two kingdoms (2 Kings 222). Due to their wickedness divinity fudge punished Israel and Judah. The two kingdoms were taken into imprisonment several times. The Northern farming fell offshoot, and the hoi polloi were taken into captivity by the Assyrians in 772 B. C. After a few years, the southern kingdom was conquered by the Babylonians, and they were taken into captivity in 586 B. C. After forty-eight years in captivity, in 538 B. C. , the Israelites first returned to Judah from captivity under the leadership of Zerubbabel (Ezra 11-22 ).The second return was in 458 B. C. led by Ezra (Ezra 71-10). In 444 B. C. Nehemiah returned to Judah, and theology used him to guide Judah in reconstruct the metropolis walls and reordering the pots favorable and economic lives (Zuck, 673). So there is a possibility that Nehemiahs great-grandparents were taken into captivity in 586 B. C. when capital of Israel fell into Babylonian hands. This tells us that Nehemiah was born in Persia. Dr. Knoblet differentiates, Nehemiah was probably born in Persia close to Susa sometime during or soon after Zerubbabels ministry in capital of Israel. (Knoblet, 19) Apart from all this discipline Nehemiahs genealogy is non known. Nehemiah was on the dot a mere man but he left his mark on history because he was an available man. (Stewart, 22) We dont know how a Jewish born, son of a slave become a palace servant but we do know that Nehemiah was the kings cup bearer season he was in Susa. (Neh 111). When Artaxerxes, the king of Persia gave p ermission to Nehemiah to return to Judah with his people and re make believe the wall, Nehemiah returned to Judah and served as the governor of Judah and led his people in build the urban center wall.Though there are different views on the chronology of the years of Nehemiahs service as governor, it is probable that he was in Jerusalem for dozen years (444-432 B. C. ), went to Susa for two years (432-430 B. C. ), and returned. (Knoblet, 129) If we are going to find a man in the Bible who shows us what true leadership is sincerely all about, it is no doubt Nehemiah. (Knoblet, 150) Now, the question is What made him a great leader? Why was he so effective in his ministry? allow us discuss the qualities that made Nehemiah a great leader. Qualities of Nehemiah Without spirituality one cannot be a good leader.Jenses says, Nehemiah was not a priest, mark, prophet, rabbi, theologian or pastor. As a public official his vocation was secular, not religious. And yet, he clearly demonst rated in his service that spirituality is for the secular as well as for the religious vocation. (Jensen, 64) So, what shows Nehemiah a good and effective leader must obviously be his spiritual walk with idol. Let us discuss some of his qualities 1. A Man who Feared idol Nehemiahs qualities of leadership are all tied to his affright of graven image. It would not be possible for him to do what he did without the fear of matinee idol.When Nehemiah returned to Judah he found the Jews were going through hard times. Talking about the condition of the Jews in Judah, George and Syme said, There had been drought, low crops and recession. But people had to eat, and taxes inexorably fell due. Many were so severely in debt that, having no more property to mortgage, they were reduced to selling their children into slavery. (George and Syme, 92) all these things happened due to the corrupt practices of the leaders and moneylenders but Nehemiah, unlike the other leaders, stayed pure.S o, it is unmingled that when Nehemiah was the Governor of Judah, he did not practice any corruption because he feared God. (Neh. 5 15) not only in reference to corruption, but in every(prenominal)thing Nehemiah feared the superior and as a result, he lived a life which was benignant to the Lord. His fear of God gave him adventurousness for he knew God was happy with his life. So, when Shemiah told Nehemiah to fall upon him in the domicil of God, intending to kill him, Nehemiah was not scared because he knew that God was with him. Seume comments on Nehemiahs overvaliantness by saying, He feared man itty-bitty because he feared God much. (Seume, 71) Thats the hole-and-corner(a) of his success in his leadership. 2. A who Knew Gods Word Though Nehemiah was born and brought up in the land of captivity, it is transparent that he read and learned Gods Word and knew Gods auspicates for his people. This is evident because he quotes the book of Leviticus, Deuteronomy, and hejira i n Nehemiah 1 8-11. It would not be possible for Nehemiah to enquire about his brethren in Judah from Hanani who returned from Judah, if he was not aware of Gods promise for His people. 3.A Man of Right Burden When Nehemiah perceive that the survivors who were left from the captivity in the province were there in great distress and the wall of Jerusalem was also broken down, and its gates were burned with fire, he was burdened by it. (Neh. 13) This was the right burden because he knew Gods promises for the Israelites. But what he heard was the opposite of what God had intended for the Israelites. Since Nehemiah knew Gods promises for the Jews he was burdened because the Israelites were in distress and Jerusalem wall was broken. He was so burdened that the king Artaxerxes could see it in his appear. Neh. 2 2) He wanted to rebuild the wall and point his people back to Gods promises and commandments. Thats the right burden because it is Gods burden. It is not possible to have the righ t burden without knowing the Almighty God and His promises. If Nehemiahs burden was not right he could have clean enquired and been emotionally sad but never acted upon it to put things back in order. What a leader was by having a burden about Gods work 4. A Man of Prayer When Nehemiah heard about the situation of Jerusalem and the Jews in Judah, he prayed to God. (Neh. 5-11) He interceded for his people and begged Gods forgiveness for himself and his people. capital of Minnesota N. Benware says, Nehemiah spent about four months in prayer. He confessed the sins of Israel and prayed for the favor of king Artaxerxes. (Benware, 152) This makes it clear that before Nehemiah did something he saught Gods will first. 5. A Man of Patience After Nehemiah heard about the reproach and distress of the Jews and the broken down wall of Jerusalem, he prayed to God and wept. (Neh. 1 3-4) He also prayed to God so that the king would have mercy on him and llow him to go to rebuild the city wall. (N eh. 1 11) But four months passed, and Nehemiah was patient to wait for Gods time. Wiersbe comments on Nehemiahs patience saying, Nehemiah patiently waited on the Lord for directions because it is through organized religion and patience that we inherit the promise (Heb. 612). He that believeth shall not make haste. (Isa. 2816). True faith in God brings a equanimity to the heart that keeps us from rushing about and trying to do in our own strength what only God can do. We must know not only how to weep and pray, but also how to wait and pray. (Wiersbe, 638) 6. A Man of Action and Example Nehemiah not only interceded for himself and his people, he prayed to God that he would find favor in the sight of the king. (Neh1 11b) Moreover, he boldly told his burden to the king and asked his favor to go to Judah to do the business of the Lord. (Neh 2 3-8) God never fails those who seek His will and do His work. It is because of Gods work that Nehemiah found favor in the sight of the king. (Neh. 2 8b) As a leader Nehemiah did not just give commands, but he associated himself with his people, and he took part in rebuilding the wall. Neh. 421-23) Moreover, he did not depend on people, but he used his own things for his business. (Neh. 5 15-16) It is because of his actions that he was respected as a leader. He guided and led his people by setting an display case. He put into practice what he said. 7. A Man of Careful Planning As a leader Nehemiah studied the businesss before he did the work. He was careful to select a few men along side of him, and they enquired about the walls and gates at night and told no one before they knew what need to be done. Neh 2 12-16) Before Nehemiah began the work, he already had an inspection of the place and knew what the situation was and what needed to be done. (McGee, 86) Secret goals and plans are what leaders should have in any ministry. Also, be careful not to make the secret too conceal that no one will know anything about it and it will bring no fruit at all. Nehemiah carefully handled this. Though he had a secret, he knew when and what to share about his secret plan. In the right time he revealed enough things to his people so that they would get to work and be able to achieve the set goals. Neh. 2 16) Commenting on Nehemiahs secret plans Swindoll says that before Nehemiah began his work, he did not say anything about his plans for three days. (Swindoll, 49) This shows that Nehemiah unplowed secrets when he planned, and after he carefully studied and made an architectural plan of the sort to achieve the goals, he shared the plans with his people. That showed his incredible great power to balance things at the right time and in the right place. 8. A who Motivates After Nehemiah studied the problems and had a plan, he do his people to build the wall of Jerusalem.It is because of his preparation that he knew what to say and the people understand his intention. So, without any hesitation all the Israelites fol lowed his leadership. (Neh. 2 18b) The source of his motivation was in the Lord. Nehemiah consider the Lord in all things. He had seen many another(prenominal) things that the Lord had done for Israel and he believed that the Lord would continue to do so. In motivating his people Nehemiah said, Remember the Lord, who is great and awesome (Neh. 4 14) By saying this Nehemiah meant to say that, God helped us before and Hell help us over again He is our covenant God Thats why Im hereThats why the wall is half up He is great He is awesome Lets continue to trust Him Lets not give up now (Getz, 81) What an rise for the Israelites, having such a leader who motivated in the right way 9. A Who knows well his People When the time came to rebuild the wall of Jerusalem, Nehemiah nominate leaders in different areas and they began the work. Looking at the work strategy, it is evident that Nehemiah knew his peoples ability, talents, and strengths. (Neh. 3) This is an extraordinary ability o f Nehemiah. As a leader it is important to know well the people that we serve.This also tells us that Nehemiah was good in building relationship because it would not be possible to know people well without knowing them well. 10. A Man who is ready to face Challenges As rebuilding of the wall began there was opposition from enemies. Nehemiah was not hunted of them, and he was not discouraged. In the midst of challenges Nehemiah prayed to God and was ready to defend. (Neh. 4 9) But that was not the end for him. It is important to pray, but it was not the only thing they needed. To have prayed only would have been presumption and to have watched only would have indicated a deprivation of faith. Campbell, 39) Nehemiah balanced it all, and he was ready for challenges that came along his way. 11. A Man who relies on God When the Jews were opposed, Nehemiah turned to God and prayed to Him. Not only that, he directed his people to rely on Gods strength and readied to fight for the Lord. ( Neh. 4 14) Throughout the course of rebuilding the wall, opposition came. But Nehemiah perpetually prayed to God which tells us that he always relied on God for Gods work. Foullah says that, as a godly leader, Nehemiah was dependent upon God from whom he received his personal support and encouragement, which motivated him enough to succeed. Foullah) What a leader, seeking Gods will and relying on Gods strength rather than self confidence 12. A Man of Compassion and Justice With the poverty situation among the Jews, there were richer people who did business with their fellow brothers. When the rich oppressed the poor in many unjust ways, there was an outcry of the poor against their own Jewish brethren, and Nehemiah declare that. So, he assembled all his Jewish brethren and rebuked all those who treated others unjustly. (Neh. 5 9) Nehemiah was bold to stand up for the poor and rebuke the sins of the rich because of his compassionate and just heart.His justice resulted in taking act ion against any sin immediately. Commenting on Nehemiahs instant reaction with sin Kidner says, Ever realistic, Nehemiah leaves no direction for postponement or for second thoughts, and make sure that the promises are elevate into oaths, properly sworn in the presence of the priests. (Kidner, 97) Nehemiah was a leader who was impartial. He valued all people equally. 13. A Man of Generosity Nehemiah not only spoke for the poor he also shared what he had with others. He fed one hundred and fifty Jews and rulers.Moreover there were others from the nations around them. So, Nehemiah prepared one ox and six sheep daily for them. Also, fowl, and once every ten days an abundance of all kinds of wine was prepared. (Neh. 5 18) 14. A Man of Wisdom When Nehemiah was invited by the enemy to meet in the house of the Lord to talk about business, Nehemiah sensed that he would be in trouble if he went there so he decided not to go. (Neh. 6) This is firmness. Leaders should be sensitive of danger s and should deal with things carefully and wisely. Thats the wisdom Nehemiah had as a leader. 5. A Man who Respects others Though Nehemiah was the governor of Judah and knew Gods Word, he had a high respect for Ezra the scribe and worked together with him. (Neh. 8 1-9) Nehemiah did not ever rule his people as his property but allowed others to serve in different ways. Moreover, he also appointed many leaders in different ways. (Neh. 3) This makes it clear that Nehemiah passing respected others. This is a good attitude for leaders. 16. A Man who is bold for God After Nehemiah returned from Jerusalem he found that Eliashib repared a fashion for Tobiah in the courts of the house of God. Nehemiah was angry and threw all the household goods of Tobiah out of the room and commanded the room to be cleansed. He also found out that the Levites had not been given their portions. So, Nehemiah gathered the leaders and commanded that portions for Levites should be brought to the house of the Lord. (Neh. 13 1-13) Moreover, Nehemiah powerfully forced the people to observe the Sabbath, and gave warning to those who broke the law. (Neh. 13 21) He also contended with the Jews who married foreign women.Nehemiah cursed them, struck some of them, and pulled out their hair, and made them swear in Gods name that they should not allow their sons and daughters to intermarrying with foreigners. (Neh. 13 25) It is evident that Nehemiah was bold for the things of the Lord. His actions would not be necessarily bad for that time period, in that culture and with the situations. If Nehemiah was bold enough to do that, it shows that he was right in doing what he did because no one was against what he did. As a leader, dealing with problems takes courage and Nehemiah did it successfully.Moreover, he cleansed every heathenish thing and assigned duties to the priests and the Levites, each to his service. (Neh. 13 30) 17. A Man with a Thankful Heart After the wall was completed they dedicate d it to the Lord. They noteworthy the dedication with gladness, both with thanksgiving and singing. (Neh. 12 27) Nehemiah brought the leaders of Judah up on the wall, and appointed two large thanksgiving choirs. (Neh. 12 31) This shows that Nehemiah always opineed how he prayed to God from the very start, and now he came to God with a appreciative heart because God allowed him to complete his project.The city was full of joy at the day of dedication. McIntire comments of Nehemiahs joyful heart saying, The fullness of the joy of Jerusalem is in the heart of Nehemiah, too. Speaking of the people upon the walls, he says, So stood the two companies of them that gave thanks in the house of God, and I, and half of the rulers with me. Jerusalem is a city of joy. Jerusalem is the city of the king. Jerusalem is the holy city. (McIntire, 99-100) A godly leader will always remember Gods goodness and will worship God with a thankful heart. 18. A Man of lowliness In whatever he did Nehemia h did not seek fame or popularity.He did what he ought to do with humility. Talking about Nehemiahs humility Maciariello says it well some(prenominal) his strengths or weaknesses of character, Nehemiah does not seek temporal rewards. Although, after completing the city wall, he leads remarkable religious and social reforms during his two terms as governor of Judah, his account ends with a simple request that God remember his deeds on behalf of the people Remember me, O my God, for good (Neh 1331). Nehemiahs behavior exemplifies the Christ-exalting characteristics of leadership enumerated in this article (sincerity, tenacity, mood, scope, realm, and rewards).His example endures as proofread of the wisdom of godly principles of leadership and caution. (Maciariello, 8) What can we Learn from Nehemiah The story of Nehemiah gives us an extraordinary example of a servant-leader motivated and acting for Gods ends. It also provides an example of the use of godly means in the pursuit of excellence in leadership and management, and the focus upon achieving positive results. Looking at the footsteps Nehemiah left for the generation to come is incredible. What a great model of leadership he was Today in the Christian and secular world, there are great things that need taken care of.How are we going to begin the process? I believe the only way to begin is to turn our hearts to the Lord as a leader, and motivate others to do so. It is so evident from Nehemiahs life that without God nothing is possible. Mans strength is unreliable and weak in itself, but God is infallible, mighty, and powerful. So, leaders should trust God in everything. Thats what Nehemiah did The leadership qualities of Nehemiah mentioned above are important for leaders in communities, Churches, and any Christian organization. The only way to begin is to fear the Lord and submit ourselves to Him.If we honestly take God seriously, I believe the other leadership qualities will be evident in our lives. T he problem with leaders today in the secular and Christian world is the lack of the fear of God. We fail time and time again because we try to do things by our own strength. The Psalmist says it well in Psalm 1271, Except the nobleman build the house, they labour in vain that build it except the master keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain. Let us remember that God is the source of every good thing, and to make the world better we have to turn to the Lord.Leaders should seek God first for wisdom and misgiving in all they do. I believe there will be a difference in community, society, churches and any ministry if God is the first and first priority that every leader seeks as Nehemiah did. Bibliography Benware, Paul N. Survey of the onetime(a) Testament. Chicago, Il Moody, 1993. Campbell, Donald K. Nehemiah Man in Charge. Wheaton, Il Victor, 1979. Foullah, Leopold A. The Characteristics of Good Leadership. Ezine Articles. Web. . Getz, Gene A. Nehemiah A Man of Prayer a nd Persistance. Ventura, CA Regal, 1981.Jensen, Irving L. Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. Chicago, Il Moody, 1970. Kidner, Derek. Ezra, Nehemiah. Leicester, England Inter-Varsity, 1979. Maciariello, Joseph. Lessons in leadership and management from Nehemiah. BNET, Oct. 2003. Web. . McGee, J. Vernon. Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. Nashville. TN Thomas Nelson, 1991. McIntire, Carl. The Wall of Jerusalem is Broken Down. Collingswood, NJ Christian Beacon, 1954. Stewart, Paul A. Nehemiah the Involved Layman. Glendale, Ca Gospel Light, 1974. Sueme, Richard H. Nehemiah Gods Builder. Chicago, Il Moody, 1978. Swindoll, Charles R.Hand Me Another Brick. Nashville, TN W Group, 1998. Syme, George S. Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. Denver, CO Accent-B/P Publications, 1981. Walvoord, John F. , and Roy B. Zuck. The Bible Knowledge Commentary The Old Testament, conscientious objector Springs, Colorado Victor, 1983. Wiersbe, Warren W. The Bible Exposition Commentary Ole Testament History (Joshua-Esther). Colorado Springs , CO Victor, 2003. Williamson, H. G. M. Israel In The Books of Chronicles. New York, NY Cambridge UP, 1977. Knoblet, Jerry. Exile and Restoration. Bradley, WV Appalachian Bible College, 2010.

Baath party

The constant struggle to come along interests has cultivated the creation of the Baath Party. By incorporating the proper ideals prescribed by the founders and promoting efficacious measures to address these issues, the Baath company became a dominant haul twain in local and international politics. History Tracing the account statement of the party sack up be dated back from the beforehand(predicate) 1940s. Its primary location of base was in Damascus wherein the fundamental beliefs were grounded on the idea of socialism.The Baath Party is a pan-Arab organisation formed in 1947 at a founding relative in Damascus. (Issues Briefs, 2007, p. 1) The iii major prop angiotensin-converting enzyments of early Baathist thought, Zaki al-Arsuzi, Salah al-Din al-Bitar, and Michel Aflaq, were middle-class educators whose policy-making thought had been influenced by Western education. (The Syrian Encyclopedia, p. 1) The political ideals promulgated by the party then spread into the arg onas of Syria and expanded in other Arab countries. The history of Baathists party in Syria can be described as a constant struggle for post.It all started in 1958. In 1958with one of its founders, Salah al-Din Bitar, as foreign ministerit led Syria into the ill-fated join Arab Republic (UAR) with Egypt. (Infoplease, 2005, p. 1) The near stage of its rise was during the successful coup endeavour by the members of the party. In 1963 a troops coup restored the Baath to antecedent in Syria, and it embarked on a course of large-scale nationalization. (Infoplease, 2005, p. 1) Another military takeover again prompted the revitalized ideologies of the Baath party during the 70s. condescension constant maneuvering and government changes, the two factions remained in an uneasy coalition of power until 1970, when, in another coup, Assad succeeded in ousting Atassi as prime minister. (Infoplease, 2005, p. 1) The next section will present the historical foundation of the party in Iraqi politics. The founding of the party in Iraq can be attributed to three men who formed the Baath party. The three men, Fayiz Ismail, Wasfi al-Ghanim and Sulayman al-Eisa returned to Syria and joined political scientist Zaki al-Arsoozi, who was feel on founding al-Baath (renaissance) party. (Aljazeera. net, 2005, p. 1) The formal establishment of the party in Iraq came into force during 1949. Upon their return to Baghdad in 1949, they constituted the Iraqi Baath Party. Their efforts never became unnoticed for they were recognized by the grand party in Syria. The party rank grew steadily from just 50 members in 1951 until they gained recognition by the Baath topic Leadership in Damascus. (Aljazeera. net, 2005, p. 1) Ideologies The Baath partys ideology revolves some the promotion of Arab nationalism.Articulated as the principle of Arab nationalism, the Baath movement was one of some(prenominal) political groups that drew legitimacy from an essentially reactive ideology. (The Syrian Encyclopedia, p. 1) Their principles are deeply rooted on Arab ideals and political stratification and cooperation. The Baath party embraced the principles of unity, freedom, and socialism. (Aljazeera. net, 2005, p. 1) From its earliest development, the motivation behind Baathist political thought and its leading supporters was the need to bring in a means of reasserting the Arab spirit in the face of foreign domination. (Iraqi News, 2003, p. 1) In addition, the party seeks to revitalize Arab ideals and foster a deeper invigoration of principles within the community. Arabs infallible a regeneration of the common heritage of people in the portion to drive off debilitating external influences. (Iraqi News, 2003, p. 1) With these, the party started to create mechanisms and practices to contemporize each partys goals in every state. In early 1988, the Baath Party began calling for parallelism between regional (qutri) and national (qawmi) goals. (Aljazeera.net, 2005, p. 1) celestial orbit and Influences in other Countries It has been mentioned on the previous section that Baathist principles have in addition paved the way for its expansion to other Arab states. The Baath party refers this as national branches. One example of its national branch is in Jordan. It was with the appropriation of the West Bank (with its large Palestinian population) that the Bath Party really grew hale in the countrys nationalist-leftist alliance. (Encyclopedia of the Orient, 2007, p. 1) Another national branch was in Lebanon.The Arab Bath Party was established in 1948, but in the following year, when international parties were banned, their freedom was limited. (Encyclopedia of the Orient, 2007, p. 1) renowned successes were highlighted in this country. Lebanon was used for the Bath Partys congresses in 1959 and 1968. (Encyclopedia of the Orient, 2007, p. 1) Other national branches include of spousal relationship Yemen and South Yemen. Conclusion The Baath party h as a long and well-heeled history which can be attributed to a mixture of failures and successes in Arab politics.As unvarying developments occur both in the local and international arena, the Baath party shall continue to exhibit and promote its ideologies that will enhance and protect the interests of the Arab countries both locally and internationally. It is through these objectives that they continue to have a firm postponement and hold in local politics in the Arab countries. References Aljazeera. net (2005) The Iraqi Baath Party in Aljazeera. online Retrieved declination 18, 2007 from http//english. aljazeera. net/English/ collect/archive? ArchiveId=60 Encyclopedia of the Orient. (2007) Baath Socialist Party in Encyclopeadia of the Orient.Retrieved celestial latitude 18, 2007 from http//i-cias. com/e. o/baath. htm Infoplease. (2005) Baath Party. Retrieved declination 18, 2007 from http//www. infoplease. com/ce6/history/A0805601. html Iraqi News. (2003) Al-Baath Party. on- line Retrieved December 18, 2007 from http//www. iraqinews. com/party_baath_party. shtml Issues Briefs. (2007) History of the Baath Party. Retrieved December 18, 2007 from http//issuesbriefs. nationalforum. com. au/war-in-iraq/baath. html The Syrian Encyclopedia. Baath Party. Retrieved December 18, 2007 from http//www. damascus-online. com/se/hist/baath_party. htm

Wednesday, February 27, 2019

Atlantic Slave Trade †Causes and Effiects Essay

The yearning of the europiumans especially Lusitanian, Spanish, British and the Dutch for geographic expedition, colonisation and imperialism was a major factor in expanding the buckle down quite a little networks in the Atlantic. As discussed by Timothy P. Grady in the confine The Atlantic creation 1450-2000, look forrs from Portugal, Spain and other European nations expanded the geographic fellowship s step uphwarfared along the coast of Africa and double-uward across the Atlantic shores of the Americas.The preach for this exploration was triggered by the fall of Constantinople in May 1943, the last hint of the Roman Empire, to the Muslim Turks which shook the fortitude of the European countries and the Christian faith. The magnification of the Ottoman Empire around the Mediterranean region deprived European merchants of the lucrative clientele routes along the Silk Road to the East.The threat of lost converse and mass routes across the Mediterranean into China, Ind ia and other regions of eastern Asia and lost admittance to silk and other precious commodities carried along this route, oblige Europeans to explore alternate trade routes to Asia by turning westward for red-hot opportunities. Discovery of virgin routes west of Europe with the Atlantic, led to European arrival off westerly coast of Africa in the late fifteenth century.By mid ordinal century, the coast line of West Africa was infiltrated by fifty forts and knuckle down duty posts of competing European countries Portugal, Spain, Britain, Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Germany dividing the coastline into Ivory Coast, Gold Coast and Slave Coast. The political prune up in Africa as well as facilitated striver trade. Africa was divided into a amount of pure and large states, chieftaincies and independent villages each with their own form of government, religion, tradition and traditions. These territories often fought with each other and the captives of war were taken as knuckle downs.such(prenominal) conflicts were justified wars which according to Warren. C. Whatley was natural struggles of nation building conducted in the customary course of affairs. The captives referred to as joint-products of war or stolen goods were then exported. With the advent of the Europeans, domestic conflicts became striver marauds. As Robin Law asserted, the Kingdom of Dahomey dominated the slave raiding and affair from 1715 to 1850. Their kings held a royal monopoly on the trade and conducted slave raids through their armies.Thus the political ambitions of the European and African monarchy led to the knowledge of the slave trade. The victimizations in engine room and its impact on navigation, ship building, and firearms assisted the proceeds in Atlantic slave trade. Navigation The desire for exploration spurred European scholars, navigators and sailors to expand their knowledge of geography and devise new shipway of charting and mapping their journeys. Incre ased use of the hour glass and logs to measure date and distance and the Portolan charts clearly documented navigation.In 1462, the Portuguese navigators devised methods of figuring out latitudes by measuring the summit of the Pole Star above the horizon. afterwards in 1484, astronomers in the court of King Joao II, using the midday cheerfulness to figure latitudes, produced a set of declination t subjects. Under the patronage of Prince henry of Portugal, other significant developments were made in the study of winds, tides and ocean currents documents from previous explorations were compiled and maps and charts were continuously improved. Thus a good number of problems associated with navigation were unflinching by late fifteenth century.As navigation across the owing(p) oceans became manage subject, the bringation of the slaves amid the continents Europe, Africa and America became less complicated. Ship Building The changes to the excogitation and functionalities of the European ships were another major factor that contributed to the expansion of Atlantic slave trade. Between the fourteenth and mid- nineteenth centuries, sailing ships were the main means of transport of the slaves. These sailing ships kept changing over time in impairment of design, fittings, equipments and materials utilise as sail.Use of three to four masts, sturdy hull, agora lateen and sprit sails, and stern rudder enhanced their sailing power, speed and eased bind of the ships in wild weather conditions. Small ships such as the caravel, extremely manoeuvrable ships introduced in the fifteenth century further the Portuguese to explore regions around West African coast such as Senegal and curtain Verde and Canary islands to secure staples, gold and slaves. Other ships designed by Portuguese for travel in the Atlantic Ocean were the carracks, four masted ships and the galleon, severely armed multi deck sailing ships.The ships also grew in size and multi decks were able t o accommodate larger number of slaves. The mean tonnage of the slave ships from Liverpool in 1730 was 75 tons. This growingd to 130 tons in 1790 and 226 tons in 1805. Weapons The supremacy of Europe in the slave trade was driven by its guns, cannons and restraints. They used a variety of weapons to threaten the slaves and the enemy ships at sea, to keep an eye on control both on land and at sea. The diffusion of the new gunpowder technology accelerated the slave trade. The African communities, threatened by armed neighbours, resorted to trading the captives for gunpowder, guns and muskets.In the words of Warren. C. Whatley, the vicious cycle, a raid or be raided arms race known as the Gun- Slave-Cycle was created. The permutation of the ineffective matchlock musket by the flintlock in1680s, drastically change magnitude firearms hold in West Africa. According to J. E. Inikori, the firearms imported from England during the eighteenth century were between 283,000 and 394,000 guns per annum. The necessity for firearms from West Africa was so blue gear that manufacturing companies such as Farmer and Galton were forced to pressurise their workers to increase production.The train for firearms was matched by supply of slaves. The developments in restraining technology aided the slave trade in terms of terrorising the slaves and reducing escapes. The restraints used in the trade included, neck restraints, iron collars linked by chains, saliva restraints and leg and wrist shackles to trammel movement. The ability to stow more slaves per third-dimensional foot of the ship, ability to navigate better around the coast of Africa, the decrement in escapees due to draconian restraints, and the organisation of forts around the coast to expect the captives helped to reduce cost and promote trade.African Demand for goods from Europe The door of a wide range of consumption goods in West Africa, the self- ensure of which was a matter of brotherly status and power, was another factor jumper lead to the development of Atlantic slave trade. The African demand for iron and shit bars, textiles, salt, earthenware, weapons and firearms, rum, wine, gin and cowrie shells and a variety of both European and eastern goods had a profound impact on slave trade. The demands for these goods were so high that the European suppliers could not cope with the increase demand.J. E. Inikori commented that firearms and textiles were in such high demand by the slave traders that they were not prepared to clear their slave cargo, if they were not satisfied with the quantity of supply of these items of trade. The merchants were willing to trade their devotion to capture slaves in vary for European goods. Alan Rice clearly identifies this when he asserts, The desire for luxury goods was so great that these African elites would consign war captives and domestic slaves to an unknown fate across the ocean in metamorphose for them.Growth in Slave trading institutions Growth in social institutions to perform a more organised slave trade was a key factor in Atlantic slave trade. The increase in demand and determines of slaves encouraged the development of various institutions to address the issues associated with the trade capture, enslavement, seasoning, trade, regulations and taxation. The merchants explored new ways of trapping the slaves deception, pilferping, ambush attacks, promoting conflicts between villages and the pretence of family substitution for the runaways.The kidnap of Olaudah Equiano in 1750s in his words, One day when all our people were kaput(p) out to their works as usual and only I and my babe were left to mind the house, two men and woman got over our walls and in a moment seized us both and ran off with us into the warm wood. The drought and famine in Africa due to marginal rainfalls in the Savannah areas Angola and the grasslands extending from Senegambia to Cameron, forced desponding families to sell themselves. P eople were too poor people to rifle and offered themselves as collateral for credits. Non repayment made them slaves.Development of enforcement mechanisms also encouraged the slave trade. Credit was offered to slave traders to cover costs of acquiring, transporting and housing slaves until they were boarded on the ships. Other types of such mechanisms, described by Warren. C. Whatley were the use of factories and forts as keeping pens and warehouses, African canoe houses and other trade coalitions, secret societies and treaties between European and African nations. The cycle of violence to hunt down the slaves continued conduct to an upsurge in slave trade The decline in nation in the AmericasThis was another important factor that led to the development of Atlantic slave trade. With the European colonisation of the Americas, there was a appendage in mining and plantations in the islands between North and South America and the get demands were met by native Indians. The massive mortality rates of the natives due to poor working conditions and new European and African diseases such as measles, small pox, the plague, influenza, malaria and yellow fever led to decline in the world of Americas. telephone number 1 presents information on the drastic decline in population in Americas which led to a decline in labour. The Europeans now sour to the Negroes in Africa for labour. They soon found that the African slaves were more productive and the rig quadrupled. Shiploads of slaves were exported to work in these American islands and soon the slave trade was modify from a marginal institution to a global phenomenon. Growth in Plantations The development of Atlantic slave trade stemmed from the growth in plantation agriculture such as dulcify, cotton, tobacco, tea and rice in the New World.The demand for plantation workers in sixteenth century Brazil, ordinal century Caribbean and nineteenth century Cuba instigated slave supply from Africa. The intensity of t he growth in plantations could be seen in small islands like Barbados. By 1650 Barbados had three hundred plantations which multiplied to 900 by 1670, a rate of 100% per annum. The growing demand for sugar, multiplying at a compound rate of 5% per annum in the seventeenth century to about 10% in the nineteenth century, increased the demand for African slaves to work in the sugar plantations in the New World lands.As H. Hobhouse puts it, food became responsible for the Africanization of the Caribbean. This small group of islands accounted for 80% of the sugar and slave trade until the eighteenth century. The slave labour for majority of these plantations was secured from Africa through the Atlantic. As plantations became the expanded into a global trade network, so did the Atlantic slave trade. Slave Trade and Profitability There were various groups of stakeholders in the Atlantic Slave trade who participated in it due to the profitability from the trade in slaves.African Rulers pro fited in terms of taxes and custom duties paid by the European merchants. They were given the first choice of any merchandise that was brought into Africa for trade and were able to bargain lower prices for these goods. The rulers also commanded premium prices for their own slaves. They also received considerable gifts from the merchants in order to secure preferential trading agreements. Ouidah, a coastal town in Benin, West Africa was a lovesome European trading post since 1720 and was accessed by forty to fifty European trading vessels per year.Hence the ruler who started off with ten slaves in exchange for opening his market in 1700 was able to command a higher(prenominal) price of twenty slaves by 1720. This was in addition to the privileges in the secure or sale of the commodities which included the slaves as well. According to Miles Ogborn, by 1800s the rulers in Africa were able to obtain goods for each slave worth three or four times as much in 1700. Both African and Euro pean slave traders were paid well. Overwhelmed by the profits from slave exports, fuddled merchants both in Africa and Europe, expanded slave trading networks to prodigious numbers. write in code 2 analyses changes in supply by African slave merchants in response to changes in prices. The data reveals that the supply increased as price increased. Hence, the largest emigration of slaves in the eighteenth century can be attributed to the increase in price from ? 14 to ? 25. Between the years 1779 and 1788, there was a decrease in demand for slaves due to the War of American Independence. This created unnecessary supply of slaves in the African coast. Hence the planter in Americas started restocking their slave supply.The European slave traders capitalised on this by securing supply at cheaper prices from Africa and merchandising higher prices in the Americas thereby do abnormal profits between these years. Thus slave trade allowed African and European slave traders to exploit prof its from the trade. The consumers of Europe profited in terms of cheaper commodity prices due to increased output by African slaves in the plantations. Figure 3 presents data on the production of sugar and tobacco by British colonies.The increased volume of production of these commodities reduced their prices much to the favour of European consumers. baccy which fetched twenty to forty shillings in 1619 was sold for a shilling or less while the price of sugar halved between 1630 and 1680. Thus the consumers were able to enjoy the luxury of these commodities at affordable prices. The planters were another group of stakeholders in the trade who profited in their own way. Labour became cheap and more on tap(predicate) due to Atlantic Slave trade.The planters always worked with a motive of lucrative exploitation of the factors of production, especially labour and work was dictated by discipline and violence. Successful planters were able to create immense wealth and have degenerate lifestyles. While the slaves slogged day and night in the plantations, the owners were able to retreat in the Great Houses built on commanding positions, with beautiful gardens, imported china, furniture and furnishings. The fortune and lifestyle of Sir Charles Price, the largest land and slave owner of Jamaica between 1738 and 1772 demonstrates the height of planter lifestyles. The Decoy, the Great House he built was a mansion with magnificent rooms with mirrors and wood carving in the decor, lakes and position around the house and elegant gardens with fruits, flowers and vegetables.This essay has clearly illustrated the factors that led to the development of the Atlantic Slave trade. Eventhough the political set up in Europe and Africa and the growth in plantations laid the foundation for the trade, it was the technological developments and social influences on the Europeans and Africans that took the trade to global heights.Overall, the technological improvements lowered transp ort, handling and shipping costs enabling the achievement of economies of scale. Similarly, the growing demand for goods from Europe in Africa, the growth in slave trading institutions and the decline in Americas population fostered the slave trade. Finally, the profitability from the trade influenced various groups of stakeholders to become intensely involved making it an international trade spanning four continents and altering their social, economic and political composition.

Hawthorne Studies

This essay will review the writings of Hawthorne, the invention of the docile marcher, and class bias in psychology an name by D. Bramel and R. Friend. It will then go on to further critique academician words that both support and disagree with the primary source and depict how the Hawthorne studies feel influenced contemporary organizations. The Hawthorne experimental studies conducted at the Western Electric Company raceings has attracted considerable amounts of sharp critical scrutiny it has practically become an expert battle (Miner, J. 006. p. 68) as it has been interpreted in various ship style. The studies basically reason out that social and psychological factors are responsible for workers productiveness and job satisfaction. umpteen psychologists, sociologist and critics attack the interrogation procedures and criticize the analyses of the information and their conclusions. Bramel and Friend (1981) are a real example of those exact critics who consider the Hawthorne studies to be contradictive, distorted and boilers suit undeserving of receiving recognition and respect for their research.Bramel and Friends main objective in the article however is to show not simply that mayonnaises conclusions were unrealistic and politically reactionary entirely to alternatively demonstrate that there is bias at the level of interpretation of the available data (p. 868) and how this had a negative influence in effecting the results, due to the assumption that their workers potbelly be manipulated and fooled with ease (p. 869). There are many other critics that strongly support the views and opinions presented by Bramel and Friend in regards to the Hawthorne studies and how they consider the research to be insufficient and misleading.The article Shining New Light on the Hawthorne scintillation Experiments by M. Kawa, M. French, and A. Hedge (2011) reinforces the arguments that feature in Bramel and Friends work. like them they agree that the st udies performed at the Western Company Works provided inconsistent certify and that all experiments conducted including the results were seriously flawed. Basically they conclude that the inadequacies in the experimental designs check an incomplete and sometimes inaccurate story and show the inconsistent associations amid working conditions and productiveness. p. 546) The article speculative the Hawthorne effect shares the exact same views that were launch in Hawthorne the myth of the docile worker. It argues that the data collected from the experiments had never been analyzed rigorously, no systematic manifest was implemented and the inconsistent ways in which the experiments were executed has lead to a misleading interpretation of what happened. (Questioning the Hawthorne Effect, 2009, p. 74)Another article that strongly disapproves of the Hawthorne studies is A. Careys article The Hawthorne Studies a etymon Criticism. In Careys (1967) opinion the research conducted is near ly absent-minded of scientific merit and the conclusions drawn are supported by so little evidence that its basically inappropriate that the studies score gained a respected office within scientific discipline and shake off held this place for so long. (p. 403) However Carey does believe the enormousness of the studies is actually declining.In his opinion later(prenominal) studies are struggling to display any reliable relationship surrounded by the social satisfaction of industrial workers and their work performance(p. 403). Carey criticizes Mayos approach, research and assumptions and claims that his reports are completely bias and invalid. He states that the Statistical abridgment of the relevant data did not show any conclusive evidence in favor of the first hypothesis (p. 405) which makes it extremely difficult to break dance a correct conclusion.Although there are critics that attack the Hawthorne studies and downplay the work of Mayo and Roethlisberger there is also many others that completely support the research conducted and believe it has been of crucial importance and consider it to be a major(ip) intellectual building block of organisational doings (Miner, J. 2006. p. 68. ) A. Brannigan and W. Zwermans (2001) article the Real Hawthorne Effect completely disagrees with the arguments that were presented by Bramel and Friend. Their article in dividing line strongly supports the Hawthorne studies and emphasizes just how valuable they.Brannigan and Zwerman actually view the studies as macrocosm the single most important investigation of the human dimensions of industrial relations in the early 20th century (Brannigan, A. Zwerman, W. 2001. p. 55). They recognize the fact that the Hawthorne studies have received harsh critical disapproval over the decades due to probable flaws in the research and experiments conducted. However Brannigan and Zwerman are able to look prehistoric that and purely see the innovative brains that grew around thes e studies.They express that the main idea should not be undermined by these shortcomings and that sometimes the actual idea itself is to a great extent(prenominal) meaningful then the evidence on which it is based. (p. 59). B. Reigers article Lessons in Productivity and People also disagrees with the negative statements that are directed towards the Hawthorne studies. Reigers article aims to show how the studies executed had an enormous influence in the way coach-and-fours and supervisors now interact with their employees.Which in result has positively affected worker productivity, Due to implementing a less mechanical view and paying more attention to the human influences within the workplace. Not only does Reiger (1995) view the studies as being critical to the positive change in the company and employee relationships but they also provided some clear insights into industrial operations and psychology, personal management, organizational development and human resources (p. 58). Overall his intention is to show how the studies contributed to the improvement in manager and employee relationships by providing the employees with respect, attention and recognition will then in overrule increase their productivity and efficiency. C. mansion house (1984) further backs up the views of Reiger in his article Hawthorne Effects- soothe a Potent Supervisory Tool. Although the experiments were conducted decades ago Hall still believes that they still have practical value today. (p. 6).Hall concludes that employees respond with greater job efficiency when they sense that they are being observed or regarded as important valued members of an organization ( p. 6) and that The behavioural approach preserve positively affect performance, group dynamics, encourage cooperation and boilers suit increase work satisfaction. The Hawthorne Studies and the behavioral approach has contend a major role in shaping todays organizations, from the way manager interact with their empl oyees, the way they use heart-to-heart communication and the way they design motivating jobs we are able to feel elements of the behavioral approach (Robbins, S. Bergman, R.Stagg, I. Coulter, M. 2012. p. 54) Telstras call centers are a classic example of a contemporary organization that has been influenced by the Hawthorne effect and the behavioral approach. Within the center they have managers, supervisors and team leaders that create a working environment that aims to provide a premium employee experience. More specifically their job entails implementing and executing programs, supervising and motivating their workers to ensure that they are effectively completing their tasks and meeting objectives and to basically respect and pay attention to their cater in order to establish good relations and co operation.The cost-effective supervision that takes place within the factories has definitely been influenced by the Hawthorne studies. They have recognize through the Hawthorne s tudies that subtly observing the workers and making them feel like a valuable member of the company keeps them motivated which in result maximizes employee productivity. The Hawthorne studies has played a fundamental role in the progression of organizational behavior and influenced the positive change in the relationship between managers and their employees.Although there have been flaws and inconsistencies in the ideas, research and conclusions that were developed they are still extremely influential. The results punctuate the value of group dynamics, interaction and applying a humanistic management approach. These factors overall are a crucial force of producing greater effectiveness and productivity in employees. Although there are critics that have attempted to crush the importance of the Hawthorne studies through their harsh criticisms it still has done little to shake the inborn validity and influence of the research. (Miner, J. 2006. p. 67) References Bramel, D. & Friend, R . 1981). Hawthorne, the Myth of the Docile Worker, and Class Bias in Psychology. American Psychologist. 36,8,867-878. Brannigan, A. & Zwerman, W. (2001). The real Hawthorne Effect. Society, 38(2), 55-60. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM GLOBAL. (Document ID 65713065). Carey,A. (1967). The Hawthorne Studies A Radical Criticism. AmericaSociologyReview, 32,3,401-416. finance and Economics Light Work Questioning the Hawthorne Effect. (2009, June). The economist. 391(8634),74. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM GLOBAL (Document ID 1740340161) Hall, C. (1984). Hawthorne Effects- Still a potent supervisory tool. Supervision, 46 (10), 6.Retrieved from ABI/INFORM GLOBAL. (Document ID 1322247). Izawa, M. French, M. Hedge, A. (2011). Shining new light on the Hawthorne Illumination experiment. Human Factors, 53,528. Retrieved from Academic Research Library. (Document ID 2532057371). Miner, J. (2006) arrangement Behavior 3 Historical Origins, Theoretical Foundations and the Future. America ME Sharpe. Reiger, B. (1995). Lessons in productivity and people. Training and development, 49 (10), 56. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM GLOBAL. (Document ID 7011573). Robbins, S. Bergman, R. Stagg, I. Coulter, M. (2012) Management 6th Edition. Sydney Pearson Australia Group.

Tuesday, February 26, 2019

Adolescent Stage – Short Essay

Angelica Lopez jejune Stage The term adolescence is commonly used to describe the transition typify between childhood and adulthood. Adolescence is also equated to both the terms teenage old age and puberty. I fully agree that this stage in the human look cycle is the close difficult. Adolescence is basically a time of storm and stress. This plan whitethorn be recognized in the various dimensions of ego. These dimensions include physical, intellectual, social, aflame, and honorable self.In the adolescence period, an individuals hormones begin to react at various moments, hence, the emotional dimension is present causing feelings such as love, happiness, sadness, and anxiety these feelings may lead up to stressful situations which ar difficult to handle. Storm, is recognized in the individual social dimension because he/she will be candid to society more and various problems will arise depending on their take of socialization. The physical dimension is visible collect to t he fact that the adolescence body begins to gird which may be difficult depending on how the individual views his/her self with the changes.Intellectually, the stripling has the capacity to learn a variety of things therefore, he/she will set about a hard time adapting to the higher level of education. The ethical self is most important in my perspective because it defines an individual value system, and teenagers are faced with peer pressure at this stage hence, arising at problems due to peer pressure with knowing whats right and wrong. The various dimensions mentioned prior are key aspects in the development of an individual.The adolescence is face with more responsibilities for to each one dimension at this stage consequently, allowing difficulties to arise as the child has to embrace to such a stage in his/her life. As you can see, many a(prenominal) conflicts are possible at this stage of life as it is a major transition that occurs for a child. To conclude, I believe i t is defiantly the most difficult stage in the human life cycle because I am experiencing such a stage, and I feel that the amount of hardships that I must endure has prepared me for lifes journey .

Analysis of Two Views of the River by Mark Twain Essay

Wisdom and companionship takes the poetry from our hearts.Two Views of the River is an turn out that depicts the passing over of an separate from whiteness to wisdom and how things bountiful their significance when they cease to be something new, and later on, what we thinking we wanted exit blend in something trivial and insignificant in our eyeb on the whole as we discover what it truly is.The focal point Mark Twain say the language of the water reminds me of things in our lives, perhaps trades that we ar trying to become the foundings experts of. Indeed, we try to work on our goals and become as enormous as we could be. We learn every facet of that object, as the river was to him.Referring to his mentioning of romance, it is equal to f eithering in love. When people fall in love, they are in a fantasy world where everything is seen in rose-tinted glasses. Seeing moreover all the wonders of that world and refusing to see all the bad side. Once the glasses are remov ed, you can still remember all the memories and reminiscing all the thrills and happiness that those memories do you feel just as he recalled the way he was when he first fell in love with the river.When he learned everything he wanted to know, he discovered that what he has found was something worthy unless in the process, he doomed a part of himself that he could neer ever regain nor recapture again and perhaps it is his ability to dream. What he has found disillusioned him. save then he remembers the way he was and the way he used to view things. All the dish aerial he once saw has turned jaded. It is perhaps his perspective that changed but even, it makes him regretful to fetch that.Maybe, he also realized that he has become cynical, if you will view his loss of passion in relation to liveness, politics even. He was reminiscing the way he had first seen the river, like someone bewitched and in awe of all the watcher that he saw and he utter that instead of seeing the b eauty of it, he should have seen the harm it could do. alone then, he said that he slowly saw the beauty in a different light or maybe, he started to take that beauty for granted.In life, there are many times when we get disillusioned. We pass off dreams and fantasies as though they are the best thing on earth, only to realize later on that the dream was never quite the way we envisioned it once it turns into reality. A lot of times, people get so absorbed in the chase of one rainbow after another to realize what they really want, in much the equal way that in an individuals pursuit of knowledge in his field of passion, they eventually loose their enthusiasm.There were cause and contrast in Twains essay which could be seen in the way he described the river, which differs from the way he described it as someone you would call nave to his next paragraph, which I would interpret as a man who has gained knowledge and was disillusioned by that knowledge. In view of life, it is like th e passing over of humans and acquirement the harsh facts of life.The world is still the great place that we know it is, and life is still a precious jewel that matters more than anything in this world. But in our daily lives, we forget to stand back and see the worlds beauty because we have encountered its dark pits, in much the same way that we find life so hard to appreciate because of the derision and unfairness of it.Mankind was all born idealists and optimists, but eventually, that idealism and optimism is lost as the person goes through the hardships of life. The experiences will teach him a great many things and it will leave him equipped to handle the obstacles that he has encountered in the past and overcome the obstacles of the present. But this will take some of the beauty from his eyes.Viewing the essay in different angles and in relation to aspects of fraternity and humanity, it is indeed easier to remain innocent and left with our dreams and not know of all the dark angles because knowing can only hurt as dreams are indeed better than reality.

Monday, February 25, 2019

Parties and party systems: A framework for analysis Essay

Political partiesIntroduction Political parties are present in nations both over the world and politicians use parties as a representation to outline their efforts in order to be prefered. Political parties elicit be seen as social movements, with politicians trying to persuade spate to consider their companionship. However, they throw created legitimacy in a nation with widespread approval of institutional or government power. Although governmental parties have varying ranks of participation in their corresponding governments, many nations are used to permit members of several governmental parties to be represented inthe ratio with a prevalent electoral vote. Moreover, unlike nations comp wax of only one politicalcompany and restrained different nations are controlled by a little(a) tote up of political parties. Consequently, political strategy of America has extensively been described as a deuce politicalparties nation. This has endured persistent, although the polit ical parties which were in charge have been circumscribed and there are a number of outlooks as to wherefore this is so (De Leon, 2004). The twain major parties in the f in all(prenominal) in State have failed to rival the expectations of their followers. Their supporters are looking forward for a daylight when other political parties allow for have a say in the coupled State, a day when they result vote for a president from other companionship other than the Democrat or Republican. Is not that they are no other political parties in the United State, and there are small parties that cannot fit in the present-day(prenominal) political organisation (Mann, 2013). Two-company system was introduced in the United State by Alexander Hamiltons with an physical object of introducing a spic-and-span political era. The system was effective because there was hearty competition between the Republicans and the Democrats for many years. However, this system has been misused by t he veritable political leaders. According to Popkin (2012), in the past, Republican were hit the hayn for their interest on matters of private enterprise and government while the Democrats were well known for their scrap spirit when it comes to the issues of the common man and labor rights. Currently there has been a dramatic change in these responsibilities because politicians of both parties have become selfish, egoistic and corrupt. Republicans leaders supports lobbying throngs which they well know that they have huge number of followers a good example is the gay marri mature group which was in support by the republicans in 2012 presidential elections. The common people are left to suffer and that is a good reason why voters are looking for another presidential candidate from a different political party other than republicans or democrats. United State postulate another party which impart be moderate. Citizens need a party that will consider the rights of all citizens reg ardless of their race, gender or financial status. A party that will not support lobbying groups and its leaders will not be self-centered or corrupt. The moderate party will be run with transparency and and then they will be free to divide the truth to its followers. This party will force the democrats and the republicans to change their leadership system, and thus the Democrats and the Republican will try to copy the moderate party policies. exclusively that is the dream of the voters who are tired of the two-party system in the United State and maybe it will come to reality one day (Ornstein, 2013). The republicans and the democrats have a strong curve in the government because they guess if they are in the government, they have the rules. This slogan makes it hard for other parties to rise inthe United States (Mair, 2005). The two parties are rich and thus they have all the money to support their presidential candidates. This enhances the popularity of the candidate and thu s they end up winning the elections. The solution to this dominance of the two political parties is that all the presidential candidates should be publically funded so that they can be given equalize amount of money for their campaigns. Voters now will be free to elect leaders not because of their political parties or financial status but because of their ideology. The topic of the two political parties in the United State and the remove for a change from the voters is interesting to everybody in the whole world. People all over the world find this topic of political system in the United State interesting because of its uniqueness. Many democratic countries have multi-party system where various political parties are involved in the government compared to the United State where there are only two horses. A isthmus of people tend to study this topic in order to know how the government is run by the two parties, how elections are conducted with only two candidates and why the other parties fail to rise in this system. Demand by voters for another moderate party is the most interesting issue in this topic, but will the current dominance of the republicans and democrats allow this change? And who will introduce this moderate party? This is the most interesting topic in the Americans politics (McAuliffe, 2007). The current evolution of politics in the United States essential include legion(predicate) political parties to vie for the presidency position and other positions. The idea of considering only two parties does not fulfill the rights of political increase in any governing nation and inclusion of leash gear gear parties should in the main be deliberated. Though the American political structure has reliably been in this two party system, third parties occasionally stimulate elections and the candidates for those third party still sometime obtain elected posts in various states. The two party system is an influential system of politics because the two parties recognizes their reciprocal interests and they can limit for third party from gaining popularity and impact (Holt, 1992). New parties do work new ideas and philosophies in the world of politics. Collaboration of the two main parties to keep any other competitor party from gaining ground extremely brings a difficult challenge to any incoming third party. Since the representation of the spirt Party in the 1984 election, where it acted as the third party, deduction can be made that third parties have lacked interest in politics. Inclusion of third parties comprises much significance to many citizens and the same time offer nifty threat to the dominating parties. ternion parties embrace people who feel strongly about a certain issue because that party focuses exclusively on it and this party can be closely tied to a accompaniment region, which can raise their appeal. A third political party suggests numerous government practices and policies which lead to progress in a state generally. Third parties accomplish an impression on the political landscape and they have been having more achievement in elections than before (Conor and Lem, 2006). If there is an inclusion of a third party in the current politics of the United States, major and fully grown parties (Republican and Democrat) can address positively on divisible problems due to wedge and stiff competition. Moreover, third party like the Green Party can challenge one of the dominant party on various issues much(prenominal) as social stillice while the other third party can position problems to the other major party. In simple terms, candidates of third party speak more honestly and freely than their major party opponents, addressing issues and facts that the foremost parties would often prefer to disregard. The reason behind this is because third parties ordinarily consider themselves as having little chance of winning thus displaying their infidelity to the citizens (Hirano, 2007). Snyd er and Hirano (2007) have stated various factors which have potentially contributed to the existence of a two party system in the United States. One of the factors that influence mostly is the state of the economy in America. The state of the economy in America discourages the third party due to its necessities since third parties are just developing parties. Therefore, they do not have adequate funds to bear off the status of the economy. High cost of political campaigns contributes majusculely to lack of third political in the politics of the United States. The cost of managing and maintaining campaigns in all states of America is extremely steep and this is a disadvantage to third parties because of scant(p) funds. In addition, the rise of candidate-centered politics and political power at the study level has resulted to the two party system. However, electoral legislation which has influenced America is the Australian ballot whereby it involves restrictions as to who can app ear on it. These limits create high obstacles which can only be controlled by any political with high amount of money. In conclusion, these views and opinions can be considered as theory which needs to be validated in the political system of America. All factors direct to the deterioration of third parties can be tied to diversity. A great compact of resistance happens between political parties due to pressure on competition of generating voters thus strengthening the democracy of a nation. Existence of political parties ensures that there is no political perspective ignored and may be the reason the two party systems is well accepted in America. Generally, the dominance of third party in the political system of America will highly influence and modify its development. The foundation of all factors that are impede the existence of a third party is based on the current political system in America and this gives an impression that with most factors considered, it is realistic for things to change.ReferencesDe Leon, C. (2004). Radicals in Our Midst the American Critique of Capitalism inHirano, S. and mob M. Snyder, Jr. (2007). The Decline of Third-Party Voting in the United States The Journal of Politics, 691.Holt, M. F. (1992). Political parties and American political development From the age of Jackson to the age of Lincoln. Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press.Lem, S. B., and Conor M. D. (2006). Picking Their Spots venial PartyCandidates in Gubernatorial Elections Political Research Quarterly, 593. Saved April 6, 2012. addressable JSTORMann, T. E., & Ornstein, N. J. (2013). Its even worse than it looks How the American constitutional system collided with the new politics of extremism. New York Basic Books.McAuliffe, T., & Kettmann, S. (2007). What a party My life among Democrats presidents, candidates, donors, activists, alligators, and other wild animals. New York Thomas Dunne Books.Popkin, S. L. (2012). The candidate What it takes to win, and hold, the White House. New York Oxford University Press.Sartori, G., & Mair, P. (2005). Parties and party systems A framework for analysis. Colchester ECPR.The Chicago Two-Party System, 1833-1867. Paper presented at the yearbook Meeting ofthe American Sociological Association San Francisco, California.Source document

Miracle of Life

Contents Page Lesson Section holy man cliqueting for babys contain 19,20 6 2 Diet for a 4 twelvemonth some sentence(a) (Winter and summertime) 7 2 nipper with feeding capers 7 2 T for fragmentizely one(a)er-p arnt relationship 8 2 Involving p atomic consider 18nts in give instruction look 8 2 Basic psychological of necessity 9 2 How t severallyes behind provide for psychological unavoidably 9 2 Intergrated total ( uncoerced, approximation, body and spirit) 9 2 Three set ups of obedience 10 2How deviations manifest themselves in boorren 10 2 Mixed ages in the education enviroment 11 2 Five incompatible modes of discovering 11 2 Intergrate a handicapped nestling 11 2 Useful suppuration map 11 2 atom 2 Assignment 2 Lesson 6 1. come across the basel setting for a babys birth. (500 linguistic process) Before him at that place is a period of deportment varied from that which he led in the womb the un female genitalsny embryo Cargon of the y oung Child has deuce lives Age starts when flavor starts from the time the tiddler is conceived original being purportPrenatalBefore non sufficient attention PostnatalAf experimental conditionost attention Maria Montessori believed non enough attention was given to pre natal life and the actual birth of the youngster. trauma at birth Until the moment of birth, the baby is in a stiff fluid, protected from the b sort start lights, sounds and drop in body temperature. We have to command the gr immerse adaptation the baby has to confine leaving the start extincts womb and entree the dandy over surface world. Environment Babys initiatory roll in the hay of breathing on his confess (before via florists chrysanthemums umbilical cord) Babys 1st drive of carrying his witness body mass.Babys 1st love to opinion his backbone of touch (skin, blanket etc) Babys 1st experience of the impact of light and sound We can non say exactly how the baby feels by conscious sensi bleness and memory, further we cannot assume that he is insensitive to entirely the factors. mneme Recording by the unconscious header memory of every the sensations experienced which bewitch the strikeing and tuition of e truly individual and at that placefore influence the later growing of the baby. How sensations affect the tike. What moms milieu becomes a cave in of who the electric razor becomes? Immediately aft(prenominal) birth Maria Montessori believed experience at once aft(prenominal) birth atomic number 18 chief(prenominal) factors in the Childs subsequent development and the importance of the mother to the nestling. * Ide completelyy the sister should be delive going into his mothers hold in a calm environs in a warm fashion that is dimly lit. * Should be left to bond with his mother immediately after birth, leaving the weighting and bathing for afterwards. * The body of the young is delicate. The skeleton is not dependabley ossified, the b wi zards of the feet are still cartilaginous and the skull is not joined over the top of the brain. Extreme care should be taken in handling the hotborn fry. * Traditional attention should be given to emotion. * Childs unavoidably are to be considered and empha size of itd at only times. First geezerhood of life * Initi exclusivelyy not visualised the child has mental shoots in his first two years of life. * Maria Montessori believed in the unconscious absorbent material mind (0 to 3 years) * Consider transformations, adaptions, achievements during the 1st periods of life. * Conscious absorbent mind (3 to 6 years) Good example a child who didnt feel love bequeath find it hard to drive. * Active seekers in this world.Related essay hard-nosed Life Exercises Montessori Free EssayAl airs looking for impressions to absorb. * This becomes an intrinsic area of his personality * Children who are not allowed to grow and develop do not thrive. * A mother gives off an unnoticed force that the child is familiar with this firmness of purposes him to go threw difficult sidereal days. * The discourse between mother and sassyborn still last even after baby has left the womb. Lesson 7 1. Set out a aliment for 1 day in winter and 1 day in summer for a 4 year old. entangle a table for for each one day elaborate the nutritional value. group servings per day examples grain 6 Rice, pasta, b orders, cereals, muffins egetable 3 Cucumber, broccoli, carrot, cauliflower ,spinach fruit 2 Apple, banana, strawberry, pear, grapes, melons dairy 2 Milk, cheese, yoghurt, smoothie meat 2 Chicken, mutton, beef, beans Fats 1 Sugar, honey, aloneter, margarine, oil Nutrient benefit zinc Essential for standard emersion and sensible developmentOptimal immune control Essential fatty acids metabolic & structural functions iron Essential for building healthy blood cells Vitamin B complex Energy production and releaseImmune function and nervous body Vitamin A Norm al visionHealthy skinSkeletal developmentTooth developmentBoost resistance to infection Vitamin C & E Antioxidant vitaminsKeeps cells healthyBoost the immune system to serve up body resist infection Vitamin D Increases the absorption of calcium and phosphorusVital for healthy bones and teething carbohydrates Provides energy proteins Materials for evolution and repair fats Materials for growth and repair Vitamins Helps dictate body process minerals Growth and repair and regulate body process BALANCED MEAL 5 TIMES A DAY Winter Breakfast 30g Oats cooked with 250ml low fat milk and cinamonand 1 banana Playtime bit 1 small fruit yogurt1 bran muffin dejeuner Tuna whitethorno sandwhich served with salad (lettuce, carrots, cumcumber, pineapple) Afternoon snack 2 wholewheat wrong(p) and a small handful of raisins and nuts supper Pasta with meatballs and tamato sauce Summer Breakfast French toast dipped in egg and wakeless-fried in butter, sprinkled with cheese and a glass of milk Playtime snack Fruit and nut Muesli and plain yoghurt unch Pasta with salmon and mushroomAnd a glass of fresh orange juice Afternoon snack 1 fresh fruit salad and a bran muffin supper Chopped steak served with rice and spinache, lemon yellow on the cob and sweet potato What would you do to process a child who has feeding problems? (500 words) A healthy child is active in body mind and spirit. If a child is active, developing adequately and ontogeny at the expected rate for his age than the food refusal should be regarded as a phase of development. Being a picky eater may be normal. Toddlers are so fussy rough what and how untold they eat so either bite should be pure yet nourishing.It is of goal importance that your child does follow a healthy balanced diet as her brain is developing at an amazing rate. After a year of rapid growth, (first year) the average one year old triples in weight, bambinos gain weight more(prenominal)(prenominal) slowly and need less food due to a decreased appetite and a sense of surety other than food. Another reason is toddlers are of a sudden mobile and prying to discovery, which strains them less affaireed in food. Toddlers also become more reconcile-living at this stage figureing they have midget or more control over choices.Their taste buds are more discerning, so they grapple exactly what kind of food they do and put one overt equivalent. Children may also get stuck on certain food and then suddenly dislike eating them after a while. So snacking is an definitive part of a toddlers diet but too some snacks in-between meal times may also play a part in the toddler not eating proper meals during breakfast, lunch or supper. Another big mistake is too m all(prenominal) drinks during the day. water is the best option. As it is essential for living but not considered as a nutrient. But has no artificial colours yet allow for keep the body headspring hydrated.By the age of 4 or 5 years children should become god eaters if parents slide by them correctly during in that respect toddler years. With better eating habits instilled children are less likely to develop eating disorders and seemly obese, and less likely to suffer diseases such as watch conditions and diabetes eating should never be a battle of wills and beforehand(predicate) liberty in feeding should be allowed and encouraged. we mustiness bear the nutrients in mind and how we use them towards planning a meal. Bearing in mind if there are any special diets to consider. Meal timesValuable favorable time for family members or children in a class can get together for a common purpose so make food look sweet and fun. Learning opportunities to develop motor skills and co line up the use of privates and knife. Practical communication skills and develop social skills like table manners. instigate children to learn responsibility by part prepare food, laying the table and proper food hygiene, a nd food storage Learn where food comes from, how it keeps us healthy and grace and courtesy. Mealtimes should be social and educational. Lesson 8 1. a) Why are teacher-parent relationships so of the essence(p)? include 10 factors in your answer) 2. b) How can we consider parents in the life of the school? (include 10 factors in your answer) Lesson 9 1. A) What are the basic psychological demand? (500 words) We need to understand that children have incompatible needs at different stages and levels in their development, within five enormous categories namely Social Intellectual Emotional Physical spiritual Children nonplus to develop and become skilled even before they are born. baring never stops, it continues through our childhood and magnanimoushood. distributively stage is totally eccentric from the next.The child has a totally different manner of entailing, different characteristics, and different needs and these overtop totally different surroundings , different op portunities, a different way of learning and even a different motorcarmatic heavy(a) to divine service fulfill the childs needs. Periods of development are vital as children absorb very fast creating a tack togetheration to what their future is intoneed on. We need to learn how to guide them to virile concrete foundations for a am shoemakers last future. We need to arrive at children from all backgrounds, countries and race develop in the corresponding basic ways. The child is in a continual demesne of growth and metamorphosis.Bodily or physical change The comparision of a new born is all told different from that of an adult. NEEDS NEW-BORN 2-3 YEAR white-haired 6 YEAR disused physical implys must be fulfilled by an adultNeed of strawmanRelationship with mother Needs action mechanismNeeds to touch and explorePurposeful employmentAck instantlyledgment and couragespace More energy Can challenge themselvesPerfect afflict movements emotional Need for loveSecurityNeed to conceive environmentRoutine consistency Confident and halcyonCreates independenceChild deserves respectChild learns to trust Need to feel satisfied without being ac fellowshipd intellectual 0-3 years 3-6 years Calm, serene, peace plenteous Need activities to stimulate ntellectual developmentLanguage and educationNumeracyWorking with hands spiritual The same needs curb to ll ages Will have the need for love and to distil it to othersTo be view and luff respect to othersTo feel joy and happiness and to show it to othersPurpose in life. social CHARACTERISTICS NEWBORN 2-3 YEAR OLD 6 YEAR OLD hysical MovesDependent on motherMovement of limbsLarge heavy headSoft on skull Active/balanceGetting into proportion with body for balance passing plays singlyUse sensesUse supreme strengthSkin soft and hairy Body streamlinedTaller and independentMore balanceBetter- co ordinationMore strength emotional Cries to show emotionsDependant on adultMust be lved to fulfill emotions come ons e motion in body manner of speaking Talks to express emotions intellectual One year old 6 year old Immatates and observesRemembersAtraacted to colours, sounds and shapesShort concentraton span Does things on their acceptConscious acts taking place spiritual Immates you prayingSense of whats happeningPure and innocentInstinct and connectionAbsorbing suroundings Innocent and accepting to everyoneDevelopes by interactionIs content tests joyDevelopes independence Shows joy and contentment feels completesharing social Mental change 6 months Recognizes familiar faces 1 year severalise 1ST word 2 years Use of objects by psychometric test and error. Can use names. K this instants difference between one and many.Understands primary address 2 years + Understands more words than usedKnows own genderWill try blocks and shapesImagination developes 3 years Knows own age in yearsKnows difference between big and smallCan judge depth and height 4 years Speaks more unstable victimization man y wordsKnows yesterday , today and tomorrowUnderstands higher, longer, heavierTries to reason but gets confussed 5 years Can see and judge objects wellCan count well may lean to readMay learn to issue b) What can us as teachers do to provide for these psychological needs? (500 words) the environment most suited to jar once morest his needs he maneuver opportunities most suitable to his needs to learn in a way most suitable to his needs the adult most suitable to his needs surroundings that best suit the child 0-3 years home enviroment 3-6 year pre school enviroment Safe stimulating environmentLoving communication with all the childrenCleanHappy and friendly emancipation and spacecomfortable Safe and cleanRoom for playStimulating purposefull gamesB rightly and cheerful surroundingsCalm and peacefulChild friendlyFree choiceVertical groupingSocial awareness Emotional and spiritual needs newborn toddler LoveCareConsistencySafetySecuritynaturing TrustSpaceFriendly safe enviroment Opportunities the child needs Type of adult best suited to the child Newborn and toddler 3-6 year old MoveWork with handsExploreExpress themselves conk and receive lovePositive percentage modelsGiven choices ResponsibleMatureLovingPatientTrustworthyHappy/ joyfullVigilant to needsCalmrespectfull Positive role modelStimulatingCreativeEducationalAdapt to different needsSpontaneousReliable Emotional changes happy When they get food or something they wantor when seeing their mother once once again after being away from her for a while. Sad When they leave their parents or family or friendsOr not getting what they want afraid When someone shouts or brasslike banging noisesOr if they near an unfamiliar animal or surroundingOr even if there is a thunder storm Children cannot well talk about their feelings, a good deal it is because they donot have the right words to express themselves. By helping them to learn words we would help them to talk about there feelings. It is also importa nt to observe a childs behaviour to understand what the child is feeling. it is very important we be givenen to the child so we can understand what he is laborious to inform us.By listening to what a child is feeling it gives the child a sense of respect . by listening to them we will encourage them to express what they feelings more often. In this way it will help build the childs agency as they will be more aware. It will also be a great example precept them to also be willing and compassionate in listening to other peoples feelings. We need to listen to what the child is feeling. If it is fear we need to help them not be afraid and exempt the difference between real fear and anxiety. Children can express there emotions in various waysThrough songs and singing Drawings Discussion groups books puppets 2. specify an exercise that would help the child use his own will, mind, body and spirit and contrast it with one that would not help him to function as an integrated whole. (500 to 600 words) include an accounting of your choices in your answer. Lesson 10 1. What are the three stages of obedience? Give luxuriant interpretations and examples. (150 words for each stage) Young children can repeatedly experience periods of automatic assiduousness on a man of clip freely chosen.They will begin to display the characteristics of a normal development for the love of work, extension to reality, the love of silence, to work alone. Wills development Three stages in development of will. right of work Repetition of an activity Attention polarized Degree of concentration straightforward satisfaction Independence and forcefulness to the child Law of independence self discipline as a way of life choice of his own freedom as a person point of self knowledge and self possession artistic use of his own talent responsible for his own actions confinement within the truth of actuality ower of attention c)power to obey this power is a graphic observation shows itse lf impulsively and unexpected after the routine of maturity 2. Discuss how deviations in children manifest themselves. (500 words)-That Secret of childhood. What is meant by the term deviations Behaiour commonly seen in children that is the result of some obstacle to normal development. much(prenominal) behaviour ( serious or not) may be understood as negative. (timidity, destructiveness, untidiness, disobedience,, greed, egoism or positive. ( passive child) What is a single factor resulting in such deviationsThe child s unable to develop according to his intragroup psychic guide due o a hostile unacceptable environment encounted during those formative years of the unconscious absorant mind. Lesson 11 1. What is the main let out for being able to mix all types and ages of children in the learning environment? (150 words) 2. What are the five different modes of learning? State the 5 different modes of learning with a short explanation of each mode, to show your understanding. c ulture of movement Devlopeent of language Development of independence Development of freedom Principals revealed through the childs development Imagine that you wish to integrate a handicapped child. Describe what you would be aware of and how you would help. (400 to 500 words) include in your answer the physical environment, the other children and the spiritual preparation of the directress. Ikraam, a brainy lad thats full of passion for life decides a wheelchair will not pass on him back. Despite his survival on a manual wheelchair a VP shunt and his renal treatment, Ikraam wants to attend school and have fun with friends like any other four year old. At 1st the challenge seemed uttermost fetched but on noticing the little boys will I geted the mum if I could spend some time with Ikraam.Assessing the child was paramount as I realized his needs where special. I was amazed as his personality and how loyal a trust was built. His potential was exploding with ideas. His mobility w as beyond words. Like everything he lst in his legs where make up for in his mind and speech. I noticed his well nourished body bulge to one side. He had absolutely no movements in his lower limbs. When I put him on the carpet he abled himself to sit severally balancing on one hand. He moveed near pulling his bottoms to where he wanted to be. He had tycoon and a strong sense of personal dignity.This child could not be deprived of a Montessori environment. I arranged he be sent him to school with a care taker to ensure his safety at all times and unyielding to take it a step at a time. Fortunately very minor adjustments had to be made with regard to ramps etc. but we became more observant of pick up and drop of. And made parents more aware of Ihrams needs The other children were amazing around Ikraam. They were always left(p) and willing to accommodate for his needs. A lot of mystery entered their little minds as in to why cant this boy laissez passer and run. Why is he in a wh eelchair?They befriended him just like every other child but they wanted to know why. So we kindly arranged for the mum to beg off Ikraams disability and how they could help him to help himself. All the tables and chairs were child sized and Ikraam insisted on sitting on a chair like every other child. I realized he knew whats best for himself but it was not safe enough for him to be sitting alone. An idea popped in my head, I had an organza runner over the display table. I had it washed and put together for the next day. Time to be in his chair I buttoned it several times around his entire upper body and chair.And it worked like a dream. Thats when I realized Spiritually I had to be very positive and devoted to my task. I also had to bear in mind every child is special and carried the same right as Ikraam. I needed to trust Ikraam to the freedom of choice. Trust the children to treating him equally and helping when he needed it and to trust myself in being a guide and trusting a nd observing the outcome. 3. Useful development map Imagine a child with a certain disability and fill in the chart as you would expect to find him in attainment in the early development stages. Fill this n on the chart provided on pg 36 of the manual. The chart can be copied manually or photocopied for submission. This should be a pragmatic question and we recommend that the learner observes such a child before filling in the chart. Useful development chart call forth Ikraam JeewaDate17 February 2012 Address 50 Tagore Drive Roshnee Gross motor success Some success No success or very little Balance (left, right of own body) x Laterality and direction x Co-ordination (jumping etc. ) x Body image (going round and threw objects) x swingy movement x Fine motor Co-ordination of fingers and other small muscles x Visual motor and perception Visual regognition x Visual inconsistency x Visual memory x Auditory-motor perception Recognition of sound s x Discrimination of sounds x Auditory memory x Communication perceive ability x disposition x Good vocabulary x Use of grammar correctly x Concept formation Matching x Sorting x Making associations x Making relationships x Understanding of same or different x atom 3 Lesson 12 1. a) What are the reasons for these exercises? Your answer must include comments on the role and function of the teacher and why children are attracted to pragmatic life exercises. ( carbon0 words) For us as adults its the truthful activities we perform daily that control our environment, our everyday chores where the end result is more important than the process itself. We do it because we have to as it relates to our social environment, in order for us to maintain social relationships. A means of us fitting into society.To a child practical life is very important, because it is the strongest link between home and school. A child from birth grows up living and watch ing the adults around him, so he adapts to his environment around him. Watches his parents in their everyday lives and thats how he constructs his reality. So when he goes out and realizes everybody does what his parents do it becomes a norm in society. So to a child performing and perfecting activities must be as real as possible as part of his development. To a child the process is much more important than the end result.Maria Montessori introduced the activities of practical life because she observed their bet was familiar to activities the children observed in their own homes. They means of satisfying the childs needs and tendencies common to all children regardless of their age, race or background. According to Dr Montessoris observations, she discovered the 12 needs and tendencies that were noticed ( sulphurret of childhood page 119) 1) Child prefers to work instead of play. 2) Child has amazing concentration. 3) Each child learns at his own pace. 4) Child has a tendency to r epeat. 5) Child has a love for order. ) Child needs choice. 7) Children do not need reward or punishment. 8) Children love silence and working alone. 9) Children dont need sweets as a distraction. 10) Children have a strong sense of personal dignity. 11) Children can read after they hold open. 12) Children develop positive self-discipline. 13) Practical life activities verificatoryly prepare children for other areas of the learning environment. Practical life as a foundation for future learning. Builds up good practical working relations and good working habits. Activities are character forming. It integrates the mind and body through the use of hands.They reason and act intellectually. The role of a directress * Service Always be available to be of service to the children. book order Remove obstacles that distract learning. Act as a role model Be calm, graceful and courteous. Follow all ground rules. usage what is preached in the classroom. * Self preparation Constantly strive for knowledge fancy up yourself spiritually, physically, emotionally and intellectually. * 3 stages of preparation 1) Custodian and keeper of the environment Caretaker of equipment setup in perfect order. Beautiful, clean and shining No parts lacking 2) Behavior towards childrenEntice the child to work Protect the child from distraction Be just and fair Be consistent 3) Childs raise group in apparatus Build up childs concentration with practical life exercises Compliment only when the child has completed siret offer help to a struggling child Re present activity when needed Show how to use equipment Present or re presents it in steps Guide threw materials Active at the fountain Passive afterwards Settled environment as if straiten is not there Have faith in the child End of the year children normalize Mingle around children Recognize childrens motivation Freedom to choose taskMotivation from within Inner self/child to guide child The greatest sign for a distress is the abili ty is to say The children are working now as if i dont exist quote (absorbent mind) When the class becomes undisciplined look at you Sort it out and correct it. Learn from your mistake and dont repeat it. It is the directress lettering that helps prepare, normalize and maintains, need and order in the environment. She has to make sure items are intact, complete and always maintained. Note all items needed for each activity is arranged and should readily be available in a tray or basket before you begin the activity.Practice and rehearse the masking of a new task several times. Give facial expression, the attitude is important. A guard has to be done of all doctrine materials before and after every new day. Distress needs to be patient and present each activity step by step. Each activity consists of a series of individual movement and threw the activity the child learns attention . Practical exercises require little or no talking. Important what you say or dont say. All attent ion should be placed on action. The distress doesnt have to check for right and wrong but she should make the child very aware of control of error.She needs to teach the child to search for inspection. Children should be able to realize error for him and that should make him arse better results every time. In that way he wont need praise or blame. She has to introduce fresh and interesting new ideas from time to time. I Analysis of movement and clarity of each distinct movement draws the childs attention to activity. A distress should realize its not only the immediate aim of the material but the long term fulfilled task that matters. Recording all important writings that help in a Montessori environment. Acquire new skills constantly.Characteristics of tools and materials of practical life. Essential for a distress to keep in mind when creating a practical life environment. * Materials have real working direct or indirect aim. * Materials must be child sized and attractive. Mater ials must be adapted to child * Materials must be real to the control of error. Children can learn to use glass etc * Materials need to be in good repair order. Children wont want to use broken items. * Materials need to be freely available for free choice. Children shouldnt have to ask for it. It should be in their reach. Materials should be relevant and culture specific. * Activities should start from simple-minded to complex. It helps order of the mind. * Only one set of activity should be unbroken per environment. Teaches children patience and sharing. * Materials should be kept in meticulous order. * Materials should be at childrens eye level b) What are the four main groups of practical life? There are four groups of exercises of Practical Life. 1) a) Elementary movements simple blue-blooded tasks that develops skills e. g. with order of payment, pouring, cutting etc b) Primilary movements -1st steps to success. To know basics E. . to roll unlax a mat etc 2) Caring l ooking after the environmentIndoor outdoor- E. g. dusting, sweeping, table bush etc 3) Care of personal self hygiene E. g. Dressing, combing hair, brushing teeth etc 4) Social SkillsGrace and courtesy E. g. whispering, greeting, speaking softly etc Lesson 13 1. How would you cater for pg9 sec 3 a) The childs physical needs? (250 words) b) His emotional needs? (250 words) c) His social needs? (250 words) d) Five areas of childhood development from practical life activities. e) Physical-fine and gross motor skills.Helps control movements, co-ordination, dexterity and character. f) Emotional child gains independence, self-esteem, confidence, trust and self-discipline. g) Social child learns acceptable behavior. Politeness and develops a sense of kindliness h) Intellectual- aided by organized, orderly work, reasoning skills, organized skills and language development. i) Spiritual Activities in practical life feeds the soul. j) k) l) 2. Select one exercise from each of the main gr oups of practical life and write out in full using the same heading as those set out for sweeping on page 23 of your manual.The length of each exercise will depend on the number of actions for each section. Be careful to pasture brake down each action in detail. Elementary movements smooching Material. Tray, Sugar Beans,(placed already in a glass till,) another(prenominal) identical vitiate bowl, a spoon with a long enough handle for the child to affirm Presentation. 1) Invite the child would you like to do some spooning today? 2) buzz off the child to the shelf to see where it is kept 3) Name the material so the child knows in future 4) Show the child how to carry the tray from the shelf to the table 5) Sit on the right of a right turn over child ) Tell the child Ill show you how then you can get a turn 7) Place the 2 bowls apart from each other on the tray Slowly pick up the spoon griping between your thumb and index finger 8) Gently scoop a spoon full of beans 9) Steadil y hold the filled spoon for a few seconds endureing for beans to settle 10) Slowly move the spoon to the empty bowl working from right to left 11) Gently tilt the spoon so the beans easily fall out of the spoon into the bowl 12) Pause, make eye contact with the child 3) Continue from step 8 again to step 11 until the full bowl is empty 14) Pause so the child understands all the beans are now in the empty bowl 15) Without moving the bowls gently scoop a spoon full of beans 16) Steadily hold the filled spoon for a few seconds waiting for beans to settle 17) Slowly move the spoon to the empty bowl now working from left to right 18) Gently tilt the spoon so the beans easily fall out of the spoon into the bowl 19) Pick up between finger and thumb every dropped bean and return to respectable bowl 20) Gently continue until the original bowl is filled with the beans again 21) take for sure no spilt beans on the tray or left in the bowl 22) Offer the child a turn 23) Watch and wait patien tly with arms neatly on your lap 24) When the child is done from the full bowl to the empty 25) Then again from left to right 26) Encourage the child to pack the tray the same way it was found 27) Show the child how to take it back to the shelf 28) Allow the child to go back with you 9) And see where and how you placing the tray back again 30) Give the child consent to use whenever he likes. subscribe Aim from one bowl to another how to hold a spoon confirming Aim concentration, pencil grip, strengthen wrist Control of errorthe noise of dropping beans on the tray Age of interest2, 3 and 4 years Final social skillsHelps child eat independently Points of interestwhen the bowl gets completely empty Looking after the environmentTable Scrubbing Material. Presentation. Direct Aim validatory Aim Control of error Age of interest Language Points of interest Care of themselvesBlowing Nose with tissues Material. Presentation. Direct Aim Indirect AimControl of error Age of interest Languag e Points of interest Social intercourse-How to walk without stepping on anther childs work Material. Presentation. Direct Aim Indirect Aim Control of error Age of interest Language Points of interest a) What is the benefit to the child of the Silence Game? (500 words) b) When would you expect the child to be able to play the Silence Game? Include 5 points an offer on each one. Lesson 14 1. What is meant by the Periods of Sensitivity? appoint and discourse the main Sensitive Periods(800 words) the sensitive period for co-ordinated movement the child is sensitive to movement/ activity and work through out life eak 1 to 2 years of age to enable the child to explore his own environment and perfect himself and his personality through work with his hands. The childs life force, the horme, drives this need to develop co-ordinated movement, which is vital to thechilds life. Without movement the spirit dies and thechild has no intelligence. The sensitive period focuses the childs whole at tention on leaning to walk and dvelope his balance using his hands and then to unite these functions so he can work. Movement being physical movement eg moving hands , feet, body as well as movement of the mind eg his eye move and take in all thats around him fashioning the mind move. child takes +_ a year before his mobile because so much has to happen in a childs mind before he is able to rackle life at a faster pace. we therefore realize that much movement is in the mind, where the hands, mouth and eyes work as instruments of the mind for walking to take place. Nabeelas bump file 2. What happens if we starve children of the right environment for these Sensitive Periods? (100-150 words) 3. What is the Absorbent Mind? Include in your answer when and how the childs mind becomes fully conscious. (500 words) 4. Write out in full the 3 period lesson that you would give your child to teach the disguise names red and blue.You would f course have made sure the child is able to recogniz e the touchs by easily pairing the color tablets first. 5. List, in your own words at least(prenominal) 5 characteristics of the Sensorial Didactic materials. SECTION 4 Lesson 15 1. have two pieces of sensorial material and describe in your own words how to present them. In your answer include the materials to be used, direct and indirect aims, control of error and age of interest. The monstrance should be in age and consist of at least 12 actions. 2. lay down a list of 12 words you could use for each of the presentations you did in question 1? 3. a) Why should the child be free to repeat the materials again and again? 500 words) c) What is the difference between adult time and child time and why do you think nature has made it like this? (500 words) Lesson 16 1. a) What is the small child interested in from the sounds around him (150 words) B) is there a sensitive period for language and how does it show itself? Discuss each one from birth to six years of age (800 words) c) W ho is a well-known investigator on language? Explain how Maria Montessori, through her observation and brainstorm set the stage for researchers work. (200 words) d) How does the sensorial material help language skill? Pg 43 manual for sanctionance. (500 to 800 words) 2. a) Why is movement important for learning ability? (200 words) b) What are the skills that have to be integrated to be able to read?List all 5 skills and give a brief description of each one. c) How can a mother give her child reading encouragement? (20 points) d) How can a Montessori teacher see that a child has help applicable to the time before beginning to read? Include at least 10 points. e) Draw the four basic symbols for writing. f) What is meant by the explosion in writing? include in your answer all the aids. List some activities in the practical life and sensorial areas that assist the child as well. (700 words) g) Describe the presentation of the sandpaper letters. Include the 3 period lessons. h) De scribe the metal insets and write out the full presentation of the metal insets.Remember to include all the headings as per the manual. i) Describe the first presentation you would do with the movable rudiment? (120 words) j) How many different activities can you think of that the child might enjoy doing with the movable alphabet? Include at least 10 activities. k) When would you know the child would rather write by himself? (120 words) l) In what way would the child still use the movable alphabet? List 5 activities. SECTION 5 Lesson 17 1. Make a list of the main types of materials or activities which will help to develop the childs language ability. List at least 10 points and explain each one, including practical life and sensorial activities. 2.Make a list of all the activities that the child with the ability to build up words phonically. List at least 10 activities and explain each one. 3. Make a set of reading cards showing something new for this day and age. Refer to diagra m in handbook for correct size. Use white card and write the names with a black fine line pen. Remember to write in lower case letters as per example. Your writing must be neat and consistent as possible. The materials you submit should be of a high standard, as if they were made for the classroom. Correct font used for all material. Words must always be centered on the card. a b c d e f g h I j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 4.Why is the grammar more enjoyed at this early stage than later? (200 words) 5. Make a set (6) of pink (3 letter phonetic words). Each set must consist of 6 cards with a picture and 6 cards with the corresponding word. Use pale pink and pale blue cardboard, 6cm x 6cm each. 6. Choose a short divide from a book that you admire. Write it out and draw in color the grammar symbols above each word. If you find this too difficult, make up a series of sentences for yourself. 7. Geography Make the devour and water forms with their names. Example and size in hand bo ok. For the land use either brown paper, viridity or brown cardboard. For the sea use blue cardboard. 8.Make a land and water form definition booklet for ne form at least. Refer to manual. Page 34 9. Write out the general way of developing one particular detail in one military issue by classified reading, e. g. Details of a bird. Pictures should be identical, on white cardboard and one part picked out in red each time with matching name and a definition booklet. Make the material and write out in detail how to present it. E. g. in handbook. 10. Write an account of the work of the two sides of the brain. (500 to 600 words) 11. How would you prepare the environment for the children to learn a second language? (500 to 700 words)- use some of your own ideas. SECTION 6Lesson 18 1. Make a maths chart for yourself, showing clearly the main materials for each major step in the earl arithmetic. The chart should start with the number rods, through and including the birds eye view of the dec imimal system. Your answers should be in sequence. The chart should be the size that complies with the regular postage size for easy mailing. It may consist of more than one page. 2. Choose two of the side by side(p) and describe how they are presented Number rods Spindles Counters and cards Teen boards Include headings as per presentation in manual and include in your answer two exercises that come before and after this presentation. 3.What are the main characteristics of the mathematical materials as described on pages 5 to 8 inclusive. (800 words) 4. Describe the presentation, using the well-off beads , of one of the following operations Subtraction Multiplication member Include headings as per presentation in manual and include in your answer 2 exercises that come before and after this presentation. 5. Describe in detail all the exercises you have been introduced so far to teach profit, state how each leads the child towards abstraction. Describe at least 5 exercises in sequ ence. 6. List some extra exercises one could use not using Montessori materials, to help gain an understanding of number and the various operations compound in the study of mathematics.List at least 10 activities. 7. And if we look now at sensorial apparatus which is able to evoke such deep concentration, there is no doubt that this apparatus may be regarded not only as a help to exploring the environment, but also to the development of the mathematical mind. 9the absorbent mind. Chap 7) Discuss referring to unit 6, particularly pages 5-9 inclusive and mathematics which can be found in your own environment. (500 words) SECTION 7 Lesson 19FURTHER EXERCISES IN ADDITION 1. Describe the dot game. Give an example and say how it may be used. (refer to manual) 2. Describe the presentation of the addition plunder board. (refer to manual) 3.How the control of error is used in the addition charts? Incl all 5 chart. Lesson 20FURTHER EXERCISES IN SUBTRACTION 1. What are the main characteris tics of the subtraction strip board? ( list at least 6 characteristics) 2. Describe in detail the methods of a) decomposition b) complementary addition used in breeding subtraction what are the essential differences between the 2 methods? (page 16 of manual) lesson 21FURTHER EXERCISES IN MULTIPLICATION 1. Describe how you would teach children to multiply by 10 and 100 ( page 16 manual) 2. Explain the use f the working charts in the teaching of tables. As per exercise 1, 2 and 3 of manual. Page 19.Lesson 22FURTHER EXERCISES IN DIVISION 1. Describe how you would use the stamp game in teaching long member. ( page 20 manual) Lesson 23THE SMALL BEAD FRAME 1. Make an outline sketch of and list the main characteristics of the small bead frame. Do this question on your own. List at least 10 points. Lesson 24FACTORS quality NUMBERS 1. Prepare a list of the prime number found between numbers 1 to 100. ( do this question on your own) Lesson 25LINEAR melted MEASUREMENT 1. Devise further problems to enable children to use and apply measuring or prepare a working list of examples, to use with children, to enable them to further their knowledge of capacity.Lesson 26THE LARGE BEAD FRAME 1. Write a brief outline of how you would use the large bead frame to help children count up to 1, 000,000 (one million) (pg35) Lesson27LONG MULTIPLICATION WITH BANK GAME 1. Describe the sets of number cards used in teaching long multiplication. (pg 38) Lesson 28FRACTIONS 1. How would you introduce compose symbols in the teaching of fractions give e. g. ( pg 41) 2. Devise a list of examples to be used to prepare children to understand the concept of equivalence of fractions. List at least 5 e. g. 3. Describe I detail the stages of preparing children to understand the division of fractions using the divided skittles. (pg 43) use own e. g. nd feel free to use sketches Lesson 29GEOMETRY 1. a) List the metal insets used to introduce geometry. (pg 45 manual) b) Show how they are used to en able children to understand equivalent, identical and similar figures. (pg46) Lesson 30MONEY 1. List the stages, materials and method you could use to teach children to use your own currency. 500 to 700 words. incl diagrams and activities. SECTION 8 Lesson 31 1. What are the fine arts? (200 words) 2. What fine work of literature would you enjoy reading to small children? (150 words) incl your own e. g. 3. How do you help the children to know and enjoy great work of art? ( 250 words) incl your own ideas 4.Choose a poem for the children to recite and act, and give the reason for your infusion. In your answer your selection must be applicable to the age group of 3 to 6 years. 5. What are Montessoris beliefs on fantasy for children up to the age of 6? You will find your answer in your text books. Lesson 32 1. How does a Montessori child obtain good manual dexterity and understanding for drawing? (500 words) incl in your answer practical and sensorial exercises. 2. Give an example of a n activity you would use to help the childs power of observation. (250 words) use your own e. g. 3. Describe a group handicraft activity using the materials of your choice. Incl materials, presentation, aims and an e. g.Bare in mind that your choice should allow the children to participate withut restrictions and with independence. Lesson 33 1. What is the 1st experience of rhythmic beat for the tiny baby? (30 to 50 words) 2. Which Montessori activity would help a child with Dyslexia, and why? (300 words) incl a brief description of Dyslexia. 3. establish to walk on a line carrying a pile of books. Walk carefully toe to heel and move rhythmically, if possible to music. Write a few lines about this experience. (100 words) 4. How does rhythm help a child who has great difficulty in spelling? (250 words) Lesson 34 1. Why did Dr. Montessori talk about Cosmic Education? (1000 words) 2.How would you help the children to adapt to the environment of their own day? (500 words) include the f our planes of development(Physical,spiritual,social and emotional) Lesson 35 1. On a scale of 1cm. to a year, make a time-line of your own life. Include some interesting points and highlights and visuals, if possible. Lesson 36 1. Give an idea of the materials for teaching your own religion or for the teaching of comparative religions. List at least 10 activities and explain each one with a short paragraph on the background of your religion. Lesson 37 1. What are the characteristics of a Montessori class? List 20 characteristics with an explanation for each one. 2.What is the teachers relationship to the children in her class? (500 words) 3. How would you help the children towards becoming independent? (800 to 1000 words). Include all the areas of the Montessori classroom that you would like to prepare. 4. Describe the decor of a Montessori Include in your answer the outdoor and indoor(a), with an indoor floor plan. 5. What would be your main activities with the children during thei r first days at school? (250 words) Environment freedom, structure and order. reality and nature beauty and atmosphere, Montessori materials, development of residential area life Materials and exercises *The difficulty or the error that should be discovered by the child and an nderstanding should be isolated in every individual piece of material. The isolation makes the task easier for the child making it easy for him to figure the problem more readily. All Ebola rated one at a time not all at once. E. g. Variation in sizeColourNoise Design *the materials progress from simple to more complex design and usage. E. g. numerical rods st length 2nd numbers and length helping to understand simple addition and subtraction tertiary introduces writing numerical problems *the materials are designed to prepare the child indirectly for future learning. E. g. the indirect preparation for writing. Knob on materials to co ordinate thumb and motor actionUse of metal insets to guide movements wit h the ability to use a pencil Using fingers to trace of sandpaper letters helps develop a muscle memory of pattern to form letters. *the materials are concrete expressions of an idea and become more abstract. Helps the child grasp the abstract essence of the concrete material leaving the child independent without concrete evidence allowing for natural development. A solid wooden triangle is a good e. g. st a solid wooden triangle is sensor ally explored. Then the separate base and sides are explored. Then dimensions are discovered. *control of error and auto education allows for the materials to be self correcting where a child can independently realize error without the help of an adult which allows the child to be in control. Teachers