Hattie Big Sky Essay Example

Hattie Big Sky Paper 1) Title of the book: Hattie big sky 2) Author: Kirby Larson 3) Setting (location—where does the story take place? ): In the beginning Kirby reflects on his visit to Montana. __________________________________________________________ 4) Time period—what year or years does the author write about? 1900 century-many things needed plain fire to be used like the stove. 5) Characters: (who is the main or most important character? a. Hattie Are there other characters? Name them: b. Sarah c. Charlie Hawley d. Holt 6) Plot summarywhat happens in the story? (5 -6 sentences) In the beginning Kirby reflects on his visit to Montana. He goes on to say how nice it was and how friendly people were to him; Kirby thanks various people who have helped him reach his goal of writing books including this one. Hattie was living with her aunt ivy because her father and mother passed away when she was a little girl. She went to live with her aunt Sarah until aunt Sarah could not take care of her anymore. Her aunt ivy took her in. Hattie went to school with a guy names Charlie Hawley who has enlisted in the military and is overseas in France. We will write a custom essay sample on Hattie Big Sky specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hattie Big Sky specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hattie Big Sky specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hattie writes letters to Charlie about how much he is missed. Her aunt ivy goes and thinks anything is wrong with reading Hattie’s letters so Hattie has to hide them from her. Aunt ivy wants Hattie to help her friend Iantha wells instead of finishing school. One afternoon Uncle Holt who lived with aunt ivy told Hattie that a letter came for her. He letter was not from Charlie but from Chester Hubert wright a biological uncle from Hattie’s mother’s side. The letter stated that 320 acres were left to her. Hattie took the opportunity to leave aunt ivy. She packed her things and was on her way. Uncle Holt drove her to the train station because aunt ivy was mad about the choice Hattie made. 7) Conflict and resolution: (is there a lesson to learn, or a problem that is solved? What is it? ) Hattie has learned to adjust to her situation even though she was not happy about it. She never quit seek in out her dream. 8) Did you like this book? Why or why not? Overall the book was good. Because the details helped me, create a picture in my mind.

trepanation essays

trepanation essays Trepanation is the practice of making a hole in the skull. It is the oldest surgical procedure practiced by mankind (ITAG introduction). Archaeologists have found trepanned skulls dating back to 3000 B.C. Hippocrates, who is considered to be the father of medicine, wrote On Injuries of the Head endorsed trepanation for the treatment of head wounds in 400 B.C. (Bowen). Edward M. Margetts stated, The word trepanation comes from the Greek trypanon, meaning a borer, and dates back to classic times. The more recent term trephination affords a variant, and is derived from the French. Basically to trepan is to bore a hole in the skull. This hole is usually made by scraping, rasping, drilling, cutting, or sawing into the skull). Historically, many cultures practiced trepanation. In 1829, in Polynesia, a missionary by the name of William Ellis reported that trepanation was used to repair bony deficiencies in the skull by replacing the bone with a piece of coconut shell. This is not true trepanation because they did not make the hole or depression in the skull. In Tahiti, trepanation was performed using a sharks tooth. The tahunas, or priests performed this procedure. In North America, trepanation was common before the white man came. It has been recorded in Alaska, British Columbia, the United States, and Mexico. One missionary reported that a British Columbian Indian came up to him, carrying a brace and a bit, begging him to bore a hole in his skull to let out the evil spirits that were causing him headaches. There are also more than a dozen trepanned skulls from British Columbian sites. In England, up until about 1900, trepanation was a common surgical practice. It was performed to treat fractures of the skull, head injuries, various headaches, epilepsy and mental problems. Throughout Africa trepanation was commonplace procedure. In Libya, children at the age...

Degree Rationale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Degree Rationale - Essay Example It was not until one of my dearest friends encouraged me to attend college that I found an interest in a definite career. This eventually led me to Corning Community College which I attended classes full of hope and enthusiasm. However, the stress of working full time, attending college full time, and being a mother, was so physically taxing that I was not accomplishing any of these tasks satisfactorily. Eventually, convinced that I had no other choice, I was compelled to give up my studies and devote my time to remain gainfully employed in order to take care of my son. For years, I struggled with trying to decide exactly what it was I wanted to do with my life. My past job led me to realize that I was â€Å"smart† enough and that I had potential to become whatever I wanted in life. My supervisor taught me that education will provide me with the tools and knowledge I need to understand and participate in today’s world. This is what motivated me into returning to Corning Community College. Here I found the means of fulfilling my desire for learning. Although I still was undecided of what I wanted to do, my hard work and determination paid off by uplifting my self-esteem, which I struggled with all my life. During my last semester at Corning Community College, I felt honored to be included in the Dean’s list. For me that was an academic achievement, but also a personal accomplishment. It was not until attending some of my supervisor’s meetings at work and working by her side that I found an interest in Human Resources. At that very moment, I set a goal for my future to become a human resource generalist. I want to be able to help a company staff their organization and provide employees with the best resources to guide them through their employment. A friend advised me that Empire State College not only provides flexibility, but also a way to earn my bachelor’s degree and help provide me with the tools and knowledge I need to

Personal statement Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Statement Example Of particular interest to me is the opportunity to write a dissertation based upon my personal experience and case-studies of my workplace. Academic work that is based upon the dual foundations of scholarly theory and practical knowledge is perhaps the most powerful type of educational experience. I feel that this is particularly the case within a field such as Public Policy in which what is learned should have a close practical application to real world issues. The fact that CeFIMS deliberately stresses the relationship between academic work and real-world problems makes it very attractive to me. I am particularly interested in those sections of the coursework that deal with decentralization of government programs and the policies that go along with them. Decentralization appears to be an excellent idea on a superficial level, but various problematic issues arise on closer examination. The apparent dichotomy between "personal interest" and "career advancement" does not necessarily apply to my situation. To me the best career advancement involves an academic and personal background that involves personal interest. To be succinct, personal interest should drive one's career goals, as it is only through a passion for the subject-matter and practical nature of one's career that one can achieve the most.

English sparkling wine - branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English sparkling wine - branding - Essay Example This is a product whose value is augmented by the long periods of standing and fermentation. At the same time, the price is apt enough to stand along the Champagnes using the price advantage. This is creating a brand value for the product. These wines are thus, more affordable and the increased rate of consumption is thus, justified. This growth is also reflected in the returns, which have seen more than 50 percent hike in the last 5 years (Skelton, 2008). The products from English Sparkling wine have won appreciation and awards from many Wine luminaries. These have been on the wine reward and recognition radar from even the ‘90s. The brands received awards such as International Wine and Spirits Awards, Decanter World Wine Awards, Del Mondo World Sparkling Wine Championships and so on (Skelton, 2009). The rewards have thus acknowledged the brand and dealt with the promotion aspect. The health implications of alcoholic drinks such as Champagne, are making the customers switch to safer options. This has also contributed to the promotion of the English Sparkling Wine. This has also influenced the wine choices of the 25-34 year age groups, who form the largest segment of wine patrons (Bainbridge, 2012). The English Sparkling Wine brewers are trying to create a label for themselves (‘Britagne’ is one such suggestion), so that they can be differentiated from the other popular sparkling wine brands. Export promotion is also on their anvil to ensure the viability of the brand (Brown,

Theories of Development in Class

Theories of Development in Class 1). We have discussed numerous theories of development in class: modernization, dependency, World Systems, neoliberalism, and post-development. Select three of these theories and compare them with reference to: a) the key features; b) explanations of under- and uneven development; c) types of development practices (i.e. how do you do development?); d) identify major criticisms of these approaches. Use plenty of examples to support your points. Development, as a multifaceted, complex issue, has been subject to several attempts to mold a common practice based on a definitive theory. One of the most historically prolific of these was Modernization theory. Modernization theory, as noted by Chant and McIlwaine (2009), is not exactly a singular theory in itself, and more of a complex range of approaches that follow a similar base pattern. An early iteration of this theory is known as evolutionary theory. Evolutionary theory was developed in 19th century Britain by prominent sociologists, who, after examining Darwins theory of evolution, concluded that a pattern of development for various civilizations could be based in a set path evolution. This set path, based upon European civilizations as the final step in the development process, requires that traditional societies change their orientation away from family, community, and cultural religion in order to develop into a European-styled modern society that is based in rationalism and capitalistic gain(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). This evolution theory culminated into Modernization theory. Essentially, a developed society is defined by its use of modern technology to advance a Western export-focused industrialized economy(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). Walt Rostow, a main proponent of Modernization, expanded upon this idea by providing a series of natural steps that a society must go through in order to become fully developed, delineated as a unilinear model of development(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). In the first stage of this model, a society simply exists in a primitive state, where trade is localized and based off a barter system, and religion drives cultural activity. The society then evolves in the second stage to a state of potential development, where capitalistic entrepreneurship and the formation of the state begins in their early stages(RGS 2017). The society then advances to the third step, noted by Rostow as Take-Off. This take-off stage is characterize d by the society transitioning to a capitalist urban industrial economy, with development of state supported infrastructure and agricultural hinterlands. The society then develops to the fourth stage, characterized by diversified economic sectors and advanced transportation networks, as well as advanced educational institutions (RGS 2017). The fifth and final of Rostows steps is aptly titled age of mass consumption, where the society becomes economically consumer based and a welfare system develops. These steps are the tenets of modernization theory, and were commonly thought of as the most effective path to development in the colonial West pre-1970(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). A society will remain impoverished and underdeveloped due to its failure to industrialize in the fashion of Western nation. For example, one could argue that the African nation of Botswana is finally developing and gaining wealth due to their evolution from a traditional tribal society into a nation-state that is rooted in global industrialism. One could then argue that Africa is characterized by uneven development due to the fact that not all nations have gone through the steps of Modernization (Chant and McIlwaine 2009). However, in the 1970s, during the rise of communism and withdrawal of Western colonization, Dependency theory rose in prominence to counter Modernization. Dependency theory is another attempt to explain the patterns of development in various global nations. Dependency theory is noted by Chant and McIlwaine (2009) as separated in three major schools of thought-Classical, Latin-American Structuralism, and Neo-Marxism. Classical Dependency theory, formulated by Paul Baran (1957), rests on the idea that capitalism explicitly hinders development in the Global South. He argues that the Western world relies on developing nations to remain impoverished and unstable as they are an indispensable hinterland of raw resources and manufacturing that the rich, consumerist economies of the West rely on (Baran 1957). Since the basis of capitalism is to generate profit, Western nations exploit underdeveloped nations in order to generate maximum profit. Hence, Global North continues the cycle of poverty in the Global South in order to cement a pattern of exploitation (Baran 1957). An offshoot of Classical Dependency Theory is Latin-American Structuralism -Dependency. This theory, presented by Chant and McIlwaine (2009), is based on the idea economic structuralism, which is a strain of thought schools that claim that development processes must involve changes in underlying social and economic structures of a country. In the context of Latin America, their structural disadvantage in the global economy, beginning in the 1930s, was due to dependence on Western trade markets for exports and imports of goods, as well as competition with other primary raw resources exporting regions(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). What would happen, historically, is that Latin American countries would raise their prices for raw materials too high for Western trade markets. Hence, those markets would go elsewhere for Latin American raw goods such as coffee, bananas, agriculture, and more (Chant and McIlwaine 2009). This put Latin America in a postion of retaining their status of cheap exporters, unable to develop due to lack of substantial capital and reliance o n expensive foreign imports. Chant and McIlwaine (2009) define this relationship as a core-periphery model. The core is the developed West, functioning as exporters of high quality consumer goods that developing periphery nations import. The periphery nations are underdeveloped exports of raw materials to the core countries (RGS 2017). It is by this model that core countries become incredibly rich, and become the controllers of the trade market with the periphery, which must remain in an exploited state to retain the wealth of the core(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). The relationship between the United States and Latin America exemplifies this. The United States, the wealthy core, exploits the periphery, Latin America, for chap raw materials in order to import expensive consumer goods and financial loans. The International Monetary Fund, IMF, made several loans to Latin American Nations, in exchange for the removal of import tariffs and structural social services(Potter et. al 2012). Thi s has led such nations to rely on the United States for imported goods, and has contributed to the lack of development in Latin America(Potter et. al 2012). The neo-Marxist school of dependency theory attempts to provide a solution to this phenomenon. Chant and McIlwaine (2009) state that Neo-Marxist Dependency theory is based on the concept that Western imperialism that occurred in numerous regions of the global South laid the foundations for economic exploitation in the age of global capitalism. Neo-Marxists conclude that the only way for a developing nation to escape the core/periphery cycle of exploitation was to remove itself from the system of global capitalism by adopting communism as its primary economic system(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). Dependency theory is incredibly different from Modernization in that it uses the West as a cause for underdevelopment instead of a model to emulate. Modernization uses Europe and United States as guides to facilitating similar development, while Development theory takes an approach that is from the perspective of the Global South(RGS 2017). Another major theory in development is Neoliberalism. Based on the economic philosophy of Adam Smith and Milton Freidmann, neoliberal development theory states that free, unregulated trade between nations facilitates development and economic growth (RGS 2107). Neoliberalism also touts that large corporations and businesses can generate more profit without government regulation, thus generating more revenue in all countries they operate in. Eventually, any country can become wealthy and developed via open trade relations with numerous countries(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). The cause of uneven development is rooted in overextended regulatory governments that inhibit the market, breed corruption, and prevent transitions to consumerism. The inhibition of the free market is noted as the root cause of poverty in underdeveloped countries(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). This concept is strikingly different from Dependency theory. Dependency theory alludes that it is free, unregulated trade itself t hat causes exploitation and underdevelopment, while Neoliberalism offers it as a path to prosperity. Neoliberal development theory drives the actions and policy of major institutions such as the IMF and World Bank(Potter et. al 2012). Ideally, a poor country would open its market to multinational corporations and nations, engaging in free trade and eventually retaining capital in order to develop. While all of these development theories offer reasonable explanations for the state of global development, they are not without fault. Modernization theory, for example, is flawed as it is inherently Eurocentric. Modernization also promotes rapid industrialization, which could severely harm the environment(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). Dependency theory also has several criticisms. Dependency theorists often offer solutions to underdevelopment via methods such as trade barriers, communist revolution, and government regulation(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). Trade barriers often make the cost of living for a nations citizens higher, and government regulation can stifle the market. And, after the fall of the USSR and similar states in the 1990s, Marxist revolution in the Third World seems unlikely(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). Neoliberalism cannot offer a problem-free solution either thought. As noted by Chant and McIlwaine (2009), major criticisms of neoliberalism include exploitation by corpora tions, debt repayment, loss of food sovereignty, reliance on imports, and loss of social services due to lack of government spending(Potter et. al 2012). Overall, while these theories are by no means perfect, they offer robust and critical frameworks for understating the future paths of developing nations. 6. Explain the evolution of the current global monetary and financial markets. Discuss the power and limitations of the nation-state to control money across borders. Consider how increased financialization has impacted development in the US and beyond. The modern global economy is more complex than ever, with a massive variety of theories as to how it has evolved to its current state. In order to understand the modern market, one first must understand the role of the state in the global economy. After the Treaty of Westphalia, the concept of sovereignty became fixed in the political psyche of the anarchic world system. The term anarchic world system refers to the fact that the international political system of states, not ruled by a governing body, is inherently anarchic. It is in this anarchy that states define themselves as sovereign entities, and, thusly, exist(Lansing 1907). Sovereignty is a states possession of total authority within a geographic territory. There are two types of sovereignty in political theory-external and internal. External sovereignty concerns the relationship between a sovereign power and other states in the international community (Lansing 1907). States with external sovereignty are recognized by other st ates as being a sovereign entity in the international system. Internal sovereignty, defined by law theorist Robert Lansing, is that which is inherent in a people of any state, or vested by its rulerin its fundamental laws (Lansing 1907, 13). Simply put, internal sovereignty is simply the right of a state to govern itself and control its economy. So, with internal and external sovereignty of states established, an international economic system began to form under the theory of capitalism(Potter et. al 2012). Briefly described, capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned by an individual entity, with economic growth proportionate to the accumulation and reinvestment of profits gained in a free market (Seo 2009). The global economy has functioned in a capitalistic sense since the eighteenth century, and has driven everything from Western imperialism to the economic restructuring of the 1940s. It is within this economic context that Seo (2009) offers a succinct examination of the modern financial market. Seo (2009) states that in the years following World War Two the Western world established an international monetary system based on the Bretton Woods Model, a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states by basing currency exchange rates on gold(Seo 2009). Institutions were established to enforce and enhance this new economic system, such as the IMF, World Trade Organization, and World Bank. However, in the 1970s, the United States, the primary global power, moved it currency off the Bretton Woods System(Seo 2009). With the rise of globalism and the internet in to 1990s, the current world economy is run on neoliberal free trade based in major financial and multinational corporation hubs such as Wall Street, London, etc (Seo 2009). Another fact of the global economy is the financial power of the state. The modern nation-state receives capital via rece iving loans from other states, as well as making loans in order to influence economies (Seo 2009). This system allows for a state to regain a small amount 0f economic control outside its sovereign border. For the United States, economic growth is driven not just by industrial exports or consumer services. Krippner (2005) makes an interesting argument that the American economy is not only driven by finacialization, but that finacialization has altered the pattern of modern development. Financialization, defined by Krippner (2005), is a pattern of capital accumulation though which profits primarily accumulate via financial channels rather than trade and manufacturing channels. Krippner specifies financial channels as activities relating to the provision (or transfer) of liquid capital in expectation of future interest, dividends, or capital gains(Kirppner 2005). Essentially, modern American economics are driven by profits made off financial activities. Krippner (2005) notes this trend increasing as manufacturing industry left America in the 1980s, depleting profits from exports. However, financialization has major implications for US and international development. Krippner (2005) notes that financialization raises two major issues-who controls the modern corporation, and could globalization aid in eroding the autonomy of the states control over their economy? When focusing on global financialization, Akerman et. al (2015) state that the global economy is controlled by corporate-state oligarchs. Historically, a group in power in a state tended to be in possession of the nations natural resources. This was usually the state government before the industrial revolution. As states industrialized their economies and grew a developed business sector, capitalist elites began to hold economic power on par with the state, as they controlled profits from manufacturing and processing natural resources(Akerman et. al 2015). With the emergence and rise of the multinational corporation, power has shifted again. Akerman et. al (2015) define these corporate/statesman cabals as capitalist oligarchies. These oligarchies are not bound by a state, and, hence, drive economics outside o f the state through globalization. This is will often lead to the financialization of a states economy, as a state must allocate more labor as a country industrializes, this implies more capital per worker in the manufacturing sector and lowers profits (Akerman et. al 2015). Second, foreign export capital increases supply and conversely lowers the relative price of manufacturing goods. This incentivizes the economy to move away from manufacturing and into financialization(Krippner 2005). This has impacted development in a major way. 8. You have just been elected prime minister of a newly independent country former colony. What strategies will you use for development? What dimensions of development will you deem most important and how can you measure changes? What theories will inform your practices? What issues and challenges might you face as a post-colonial area? Is it important to craft inclusive development projects in your country and if so, how would you create more inclusive policies (in terms of identity, geography, rural-urban etc. )? If I was the prime minster of a newly independent former colony, I would implement a variety of diverse, inclusive policies and theories in order to create a best-practice solution for how to facilitate development in this country. As a former colony, my nation would face some very unique challenges. As noted by Potter et. al (2012), countries occupied by imperialist powers were often controlled by foreign governments that not only forced Western cultural values upon their populace, but often exploited the labor and ignorance of these peoples (Chant and McIlwaine 2009). When the imperialist power pulls out of an occupied state, they will often leave the country in the hands of a small native ruling class that continues trade with the former occupying power. Because of cultural suppression, tensions often then simmer over and the colonial country falls into economic and political instability(Chant and McIlwaine 2009). My first goal would be to avoid this common situation. In order to accomplish economic security and structural stability, I would draw on guiding principles from Neoliberal theory and Post-Development theory. Neoliberal theory encourages free market trade and industrialization, which I feel would be needed to establish my country in the global corporate hegemony. Free trade would encourage my nation to break out of locked trade relationship with the former colonial power and create markets with other nations. This would be done by drawing on the neoliberal multiplier effect. Sao (2009) describes this this effect is a cycle that is started by reducing import tariffs and export taxes in order to introduce a wide range of global consumer goods into my economy at a low cost. This leads to consumption, which encourages the economy to grow. The growth the economy would attract multinational corporate investors and businesses, leading to reskilling of the workforce. As the workforce expands, immigration to my nation would rise, creating an even more diver se and larger labor pool. This encourages job creation, and promotes entrepreneurship and innovation in order to remain competitive(Sa0 2009 and RGS 2017). This is a positive feedback loop, which would bolster my economy in the short term. However, I would also incorporate elements of Post-Development theory as well. Potter et. al (2012) address that wealthy capitalists and investors cannot lift the poor out of poverty by virtue of their existence. Post-Development theory moves past Western ideals of development by focusing on local community knowledge and support to revitalize a depressed economy (Potter et. al 2012). Because my nation, as former colony, would likely be suffering from a severely fractured cultural identity, creating economic policy based on local needs would help facilitate the repair of cultural identity while focusing economics on s smaller-scale. This would be accomplished with the maintenance of government-supported social services and institutions. I would mea sure this economic dimension of development by monitoring my nations GDP, GNP, household income, and tax revenues. While the economy is certainly an important dimension of new development, others are equally as important. A few that I would intensely and immediately focus on would be education, infrastructure, healthcare, and sustainable cities. I would utilize government spending and stable structure with proper representation from local citizens in order to create an education system and transportation/utility infrastructure. I would likely use taxes to fund these endeavors. I would measure the growth of these sectors by monitoring graduation statistics and public health and safety statistics (Stasczak 2015). Another important dimension of development in my new nation would be the creation of sustainable urban centers. With the impeding threat of climate change and urban migration rates, creating carefully planned, sustainable cities is incredibly important. I plan to measure the carbon output of my cities in order to gain an understanding of how sustainable and environmentally healthy they are . Healthcare is another dimension of development that is crucial to the success of my nation. A healthcare system must be inclusive of all populations and provide immediate access. I would create a single-payer healthcare system, which is currently used in Singapore. Single-Payer healthcare is a system in which the state, rather than private insurers, pays for all healthcare costs, and assess healthcare standards though federal regulations(Akerman et. al 2015). I feel this would be the most equal system of healthcare delivery, as it provides fair access to impoverished and rural communities. Another fact of my nations economic development that would need to immediately be addressed would be currency creation and exchange rates. Staszczak (2015) notes that politicalinstability in developing nations can often perpetuate for decades due to the fact that currency has very low value in global market. Therefore, my nation would need to enter to global market swiftly and establish itself i n order to maintain a valuable, stable currency. This would be incredibly difficult to accomplish in tandem with every other immediate development factor I would need to address. However, with the creation of inclusive policy, my efforts would be more likely to succeed. Some inclusive projects I could incentivize could be local agriculture, education accessible to rural citizens, and facilitating local arts. This helps create a common national identity that is separate from a colonial identity, aiding in national unity. CITATIONS OF NON-CLASS SOURCES: Akerman, A., Naghavi, A., Seim, A. (2016). OLIGARCHIES AND DEVELOPMENT IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY: A TALE OF TWO ELITES. Economic Inquiry, 54(1), 229-246. doi:10.1111/ecin.12284 Lansing, R. (1907). Notes on Sovereignty in a State. The American Journal of International Law, 1(2), 297-320. STASZCZAK, D. E. (2015). Global instability of currencies: reasons and perspectives according to the state-corporation hegemonic stability theory. Brazilian Journal Of Political Economy / Revista De Economia Polà ­tica, 35(1), 175-198.

venus :: essays research papers

THE NATURE OF VENUS AND THE VENUS SIGN We're going to find out why some people cannot stand you yet others feel so powerfully attracted to you that they simply cannot resist your charm. And, as Venus rules art and music as much as she rules romance, we're going to explore your instinctive aesthetic preferences. We're going to look at both the shapes and colors that strike your fancy, plus the figures and faces that fill your fantasies. Venus is a planet for romantics. Her very name conjures up an image of mystery and sensuality, but she was a seductive symbol long before the Romans coined this name for her. The Babylonians called her Ishtar, Goddess of Fertility. The Sumerians knew her as Inanna, Queen of Thunder. To the Egyptians she was Isis the Enchantress, and to the Greeks Aphrodite, ultimate icon of feminine charm and the mother of Cupid. If you are a typical male, your Venus sign represents your ideal woman. Aphrodite wears many disguises. Today, you will see which she dons when she wants to capture your heart. If you are a woman, your Venus sign governs the kind of person you turn into when you exploit your feminine charm. I have to confess, though, that when reading romantic preference in a horoscope, all astrologers find female psychology more complicated. Aphrodite was the ultimate free woman. She belonged to no man yet she awakened a deep and profound spirit of desire in the heart of every man she encountered. She had passionate and fruitful romantic involvements with gods as diverse as the witty, intellectual Hermes, the silent, muscular Adonis and the pompous, powerful Zeus. Throughout all this she also had a tolerant husband: aloof and irritable Hephaestus, the wounded craftsman. Forget for a moment any judgement you might feel inclined to make about her character. We are dealing here with a symbolic goddess, not a real human being and we must view her in her proper context: as an icon of femininity. One day, I hope to write an entire book about her. For our purposes here, though, all we need to understand is that we are dealing with the image of a woman who is attractive to every type of man. A man's Venus sign tells us whether he is more likely to try and appeal to Aphrodite by acting like a Hermes, an Adonis, a Zeus or a Hephae stus.

Statement Of Teaching Philosophy Education Essay

Geting a 2nd linguistic communication is a womb-to-tomb procedure that requires great attempt and dedication. Many pupils come to my Chinese category anticipating it to either be a stepping-stone to better calling chance or a channel to feed their wonder towards â€Å" alien â€Å" Chinese civilization and history. With this in head, I have three chief aims for my instruction: 1. ) to ease the development of general sense and grasp for Chinese linguistic communication and civilization, 2 ) to supply cardinal cognition and tools built-in to Chinese larning procedure, 3 ) to further critical thought, self-learning consciousness and the capableness to use what they learn to practical scenarios. I actualize these aims by making an engaging, student-centered acquisition environment in which I place myself as a facilitator for my pupils ‘ larning procedure. My overarching end is to permeate pupils with relentless enthusiasm and grasp towards Chinese linguistic communication, and fi nally, animate them to go womb-to-tomb Chinese scholars and talkers. Bing a Chinese linguistic communication teacher, I try to incorporate my cognition gained as a research worker in linguistics and 2nd linguistic communication acquisition field, my passion as a devoted Asiatic linguistic communication scholar and my individuality as a native Chinese talker into my category. During my three old ages ‘ instruction, I steadfastly believe and ever adhere to the undermentioned rules. First, I ever strive to make a student-centered linguistic communication acquisition environment, which is reflected in assorted facets of my instruction. One facet lies in that I ever design and revise my category to suit what pupils genuinely want. For most pupils, the ultimate end of larning a linguistic communication is to be able to efficaciously pass on in that linguistic communication. Therefore, I include many synergistic activities which address common state of affairss in day-to-day life to hone pupils ‘ ability to use their acquisition to practical scenarios. For case, when learning a lesson about dinning, I ask my pupils to take part in a role-play activity that simulates a common scenario in a Chinese eating house. Students are paired up into groups of two and presume the function of clients or servers. Then, client will inquire waiter/waitress about recommendation on dishes utilizing a bill of fare from an reliable Chinese eating house. Furthermore, I encourage pu pils to prosecute in conversation with native Chinese talker by making a linguistic communication spouse plan, in which pupils are required to speak with his/her native Chinese spouse often. In my category, I place myself in a function non merely as a instructor that provides necessary cognition, but as a facilitator that guides pupils to detect the beauty of the linguistic communication. Through debut of these communicative activities, I aim to make a linguistic communication larning environment that is driven by its really purpose, that is, to accomplish effectual Chinese communicating in pattern. A student-centered acquisition environment is besides indicated by the fact that instructor should ever esteem each pupil and go to to each pupil ‘s specific demands. As the affectional filter is a really of import factor in foreign linguistic communication acquisition, A it is of import for me to be patient with pupils who make errors. I invariably remind my pupils that doing errors is an inevitable portion of advancement in linguistic communication acquisition and a good chance to larn. I besides pay particular attending to pupils who fall behind by doing certain they have all the aid they need to catch up. Second, I make every attempt to maintain pupils interested and motivated. As an experient linguistic communication scholar myself, I find that the most effectual goaded force to truly get the hanging a linguistic communication is echt involvement in that linguistic communication. Therefore, I try to actuate my pupils by maintaining the category moral force, entertaining and enlightening. On one manus, I introduce assorted synergistic activities that simulate interesting scenarios in day-to-day life, in which pupils are encouraged to travel about and organize groups at will. Such activities make the category more vivacious and stimulate pupils ‘ desire to better their acquisition. On the other manus, I besides include some relevant Chinese folklores, history and pop civilization in each talk that pupils find most interesting. For illustration, I explain the Chinese tradition of delegating a specific â€Å" birth animate being † to each twelvemonth when learning the Chines e footings for day of the month and clip. I find fun facts like this brand pupils more attentive and greatly prolong keeping period. I think strong motive and involvement will non merely better pupils ‘ public presentation in category, but besides let them to profit from the Chinese acquisition experience even beyond the schoolroom environment. Third, I believe that instructors and pupils must be portion of the invariably altering technological landscape. Technology permeates every facet of life, which I find can be a really powerful tool in linguistic communication acquisition. I use a assortment of multimedia tools in category to ease instruction, such as slides, film cartridge holders and audio extract. I besides add utile on-line resources, including online classs, intelligence and articles to my repertory, which provide a good beginning for my pupils to prosecute in self-learning activity, which is indispensable to linguistic communication larning procedure. Additionally, I take advantage of the platform the university provides to roll up pupils ‘ prep online, which ensures timely appraisal. Bing a linguistic communication instructor is a ambitious yet highly honoring undertaking, as a instructor can hold profound impact to a pupil life. I feel of all time so delighted and accomplished whenever my pupils show their aptitude in Chinese linguistic communication or echt involvement towards Chinese civilization. After the past three old ages being a Chinese linguistic communication teacher, there is non a individual uncertainty left in my head that my life will be devoted to this baronial end, that is, to animate pupils to go womb-to-tomb scholars of Chinese linguistic communication.

Request for a traffic signal to be placed at an intersection...This essay is how proposals are to be written.

Request for a traffic signal to be placed at an intersection...This essay is how proposals are to be written. To: Phil Genovese, Westfield Department of Public WorksFrom: Nicole Mason, C/O Residents of Edgewood ApartmentsDate: October 2, 2003Subject: Request for a Traffic Signal at the Intersection of Edgewood Apts., Union St., and Moseley Ave.ProblemAs residents of Edgewood Apartment Complex located at 134 Union St., we would like to petition the city of Westfield to investigate the placement of a traffic signal at the intersection of the Edgewood Apartment Complex driveway, Union St. and Moseley Ave. Residents of Edgewood Apartments are unable to exit their street due to the high volume of traffic that passes and frequently stacks up on Union St. directly in front of their street entrance and exit during high traffic volume timeslots. Residents living in Edgewood Apartments are prepared to collect and donate $25,000 to the construction of the traffic signal.Research of the SituationPreliminary sources of primary and secondary research are consistent with the conclusion that a traffic signa l is necessary at the above-mentioned intersection.English: Installation of a traffic signal in San D...Personal encounters have resulted in delays of up to thirty minutes to exit my apartment complex because traffic refuses to stop and let me proceed outward onto the main street. Informal interviews with other residents have yielded similar complaints. The fact that there is a street, Moseley Ave., directly across from the unnamed driveway of my complex, causes further problems when vehicles are trying to exit in opposite directions onto the busy highway. Often times, the traffic flow is very dense along Union St. so drivers attempting to exit from either of the side streets carelessly and speedily exit causing traffic accidents and near misses.Inquiries to my apartment complex management have verified that many traffic accidents have been caused as a result of the high traffic volume situation. This situation is compounded when other...

Factors that influence Major League and Minor League Baseball

Factors that influence Major League and Minor League Baseball Introduction The field of games is a rather demanding area that calls for a fair deal of devotion if one is to succeed in it. Games come in different categories. However, inasmuch as each category wishes to attract fans based on its records of fabulous performance, it is crucial to note that various factors boost and or lower the performance.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Factors that influence Major League and Minor League Baseball specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper narrows down to the baseball game. Major league and minor league baseball attendance are affected by a myriad of factors ranging from the motivational factors that attract fans, to ticket pricing. In between these two extremes, scholarly works have shown a number of factors to be significant in influencing the attendance in baseball matches. Meehan, Nelson and Richardson (2007, p.572) sheds light that, â€Å"A host of factors influenc es the demand for sports, including the price of tickets, fan income, the population of the drawing area, team quality, and the age of the stadiums in which teams play†. Other factors include crowd control, parking, and concession. These factors are what researchers  have referred to as environmental factors. Fans of a given sport differ enormously from fans of another sport and hence the factors that affect their attendance in the matches are widely controlled to a different extent by the same factors. What this means is that one factor may have positive effects in drawing the spectators to cheer up a given match while in a different sport, it may produce the opposite effects. With this in mind, this paper introspect the factors that affect sports attendance with reference to principal and minor baseball league. The complexity and magnitude of promotions and marketing of entertainments products during the matches ardently influence major baseball leagues. Other factors that are given consideration in the paper includes but not limited to team quality, top prospects, ticket pricing, prospects of terrorism, influence of international players and location of base ball facilities. However, these factors widely act in a combination mode and hence they influence attendance compositely. Major and minor baseball league attendance Promotions Various scholarly works have confirmed promotions to increase attendance of baseball contests. Various types of promotions, however, influence attendance differently. As Gitter and Rhoads (2011, p.345) claim, â€Å"While price promotions affected attendance negatively in all clubs, non-price and combinations of promotions were associated with an increase in attendance for all teams.†Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Butler conducted a study of determinants of the minor games attendance in 2006 Carolina baseball league. The analysis of the study predominantly focused on the effect of different promotions conducted during the game day, as opposed to promotions conducted throughout the season. In this regard, Butler (2002, p.328) posits that, â€Å"The operation of Major League Baseball (MLB) teams is a remarkably complex enterprise involving the marketing of a diverse multi-dimensional entertainment commodity. Apart from promotion of concession products: soft drinks, hot dogs and the likes, promotion of home teams tickets increases the attendance for home teams fans. Increased buying power goes hand in hand in the provision of the positive response to promotional campaigns. Arguably, the demand for tickets and hence the attendance during minor baseball leagues is impeccably affected by income per capita. Butler (2002, p.328) reckons that, â€Å"the higher the per capita income in the host county (or host city) for a minor league team, the greater demand for tickets in th at county.† Attendance for minor base ball league, consequently, is a function of factors that affect the demand for the home team tickets and the factors that impede the promotion of the home team entertainment products. Using the data generated form Carolina baseball league attendance in the year 2006. Butler (2002, p.334) found out that â€Å"attendance, expressed in relative terms as a number of persons in attendance as a percent of stadium capacity was directly related to the per capita income of the county or the city of the host team†. The attendance was also a function of the other benefits such fare deals of foods and drinks products. Reduction of food and drinks prices sold during the matches and other products for home teams such as caps, T-shirts are promotion endeavors, which have a tremendous capacity to draw a substantial volume of attendance (Gifis, 2006, p.513). Scheduling the games on Saturday and Fridays has also the capacity to increase attendance. C onsequently, given the capacity of the promotions to increase the attendance, combining the two has an ability to raise the attendance even more. Team quality Team quality affects not only major league baseball attendance, but also minor league attendance. According to Gitter and Rhoads (2010) â€Å"there is evidence that minor and MLB are substitutes as increased ticket prices for the nearest MLB team lead to higher minor league attendance if that team is within 100 miles† (p.620). Most fans interpret quality of the team as reflective of its performance. Maintained satisfactory performance stands a perfect chance of increasing the team’s attractiveness before the eyes of its supporters.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Factors that influence Major League and Minor League Baseball specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A study conducted by Greenstein and Marcumin 1982 revealed that major baseball att endance was a function of win-loss record in previous matches (Kahane Shmanske, 1997, p.427). In the variance of attendance, 25% of it was accounted for by the team’s record of performance. Attractiveness or rather the quality of the team plays pivotal roles in making the decision to attend. Arguably, the fans of given Baseball team whether in major or minor leagues attend games to celebrate the winning of their team. In case a team has been recording losses more than wins, most of the fans will tend to shun from attendance since they do not want to be part of loss. This perhaps leads to the appreciation of the significance of considering the team’s quality in determining the attendance of major and minor Baseball league. As Kahane and Shmanske (1997, p.434) reckon, â€Å"The attractiveness of the visiting team (its quality, the presence of star players, the strength of its rivalry with the home team, etc.) is a second crucial factor in fans decision making about gam e attendance† (p.40). Congruent with this view, if a visiting team has recorded a negative record in terms of performance, most likely the home team fans are likely to attend in large numbers even though the visiting team might have not held contests previously with the home team. According to Gitter and Rhoads (2010) â€Å"†¦local or regional MLB team’s winning percentage only has a positive impact on minor league attendance when they are affiliated clubs† (p.614). Thus, it is plausible to argue that affiliation of teams coupled with fans perceptions about their team’s quality has an impeccable influence in determining whether to attend or not to attend a major or minor Baseball league competition. Top prospects The existing enthusiasm among fans to see the future baseball star contributes to increased attendance during the minor leagues. According to Gitter and Rhoads (2010), â€Å"Baseball America, a leading industry publication, ranks 100 top pro spects that have yet to play substantially in the principal leagues† (p.614). For a whole year, the one hundred prospects develop within their localities before taking part in major leagues. Fans attend baseball minor leagues driven by enthusiasm to have a glimpse of the likely star to take part in the major leagues. The study conducted by Gitter and Rhoads claims that â€Å"only those prospects ranked in the top five and the highest AAA have an impact on their team’s attendance and their impact on attendance is small† (2010, p.615). From these results, it follows that for those stars rated least in the Baseball America ranks for top 100 prospects have little capacity to draw fans attention and hence attendance during their minor base ball leagues.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Arguably, this is perhaps because the majority of the fans interpreted the ranking as likely indication of how such prospects would perform during the matches. This argument consequently takes us to the idea that fans would like to be associated with winning teams rather than losing teams. Since motivation is essentials in any game, the best prospects have the ability to produce baseball stars during the major leagues. Fans produce this motivation since their large attendance serves to give the players the belief that they are the best in the ranking as put forward by Baseball America. It is somewhat subtle to argue that, if top prospects can increase minor league attendance, them if these prospects happens to participate in the major league then, there is no doubt that the attendance will also be high. Unfortunately, this argument tend to infer that only those that who are ranked high by Baseball America have the chances of being Baseball stars during major leagues. Even though, th e ranking of baseball prospects by Baseball America may increase the attendance percentage according to various scholarly studies, the increment is minimal. According to Gitter and Rhoads (2010), â€Å"minor league Baseball player ranking by Baseball America as top prospects increases attendance for minor league team by a minimal amount (less than 2%)† (p.621). However, even though this increment is small, its contribution to sporting facilities revenues increment is quite significant. This is particularly pertinent since most of this revenue goes into improvement of sports facilities. In fact, new facilities have indicated their ability to increase attendance of fans both in minor and major baseball leagues (Roy, 2008, 146). Fear of Terrorism Sporting facilities are crucial targets of terrorist activities. Consequently, various sporting managers anticipate all range of consequences in term of fans attendances especially with increased perceptions and fears of terrorism activ ities. Kalist (2010) laments that, â€Å"sports venues may experience falling ticket sales as the public becomes more concerned about the threat of terrorism† (p.181). Increase of terror alerts results to escalation of reduction of Baseball fans attendance. Kalist reckons that â€Å"during the early days of the nations first-ever increase in the terror-alert level (i.e., rose from yellow to orange) attendance decreased by as much as 12%. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that a team may have lost more than a half million dollars in attendance revenue† (2010, p.181). However, this suggestion faces incredible opposition since the most recent terror alerts has not been positively reflected into a reduction of fans attendance. The researchers of study conducted it in a time perhaps when people were not used to terror attacks threats by the ministry of state security. This is largely because most of the terror attacks threats hardly success. Terror attacks threats that do not materialize. They make the public to lose confidence for government’s announcements of likelihoods of terror attacks. However, sporting facilities remain outstanding targets for terror attacks perhaps due to high anticipations of a large crowd turnout. In fact, â€Å"he Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has made repeated statements about terrorist interest in stadiums† (Kalist, 2010, 189). Convenience and security are perhaps two factors that fans establish tradeoffs. Inadequate security has the capacity to annoy the fans to the level that they may choose never to attend again in the future. This is argument is perhaps more significant and applicable to people who have encountered insecurity instances at one or more attendances. Fears of terrorism have additionally resulted in the increment of insurance costs. For economic reasons, the owners of the stadiums have to extend this cost to the fans in terms of increased tickets, prices. Feeling of insecuri ty fueled by fears of terror attacks affects major and minor baseball leagues attendance negatively both in terms of increase in ticket prices and the need to refrain from places that one is likely to be afflicted by aftermaths of the terror attacks. International players The United States does not dispute the incorporation of foreign players into the Baseball teams. It is widely acceptable among sporting scholars that fans initially attended tournaments to celebrate the achievements of people they regarded as ‘their own’. Does the incorporation of foreign players in the baseball team affect the attendance of the fans? Tainsky and Winfree (2010) demonstrated â€Å"how traditional studies of consumer’s discrimination can be applied to gauge the impacts of international players in sports† (p.126). According to Tainsky and Winfree, the incorporation of a foreign player not only resulted to discrimination amongst the MLB teams players but also affected the tea m’s quality. However, â€Å"the net effect of additional international player has evolved with time from negative to positive† (Tainsky and Winfree, 2010, p.126). More and more fans continue to develop the sense of internationalism. Hence, their attendance in response to incorporation of international players in major Baseball leagues also increases lineally. This is, in fact, immensely vital since as Tainsky and Winfree (2010) reckon, â€Å"MLB, have actively tried to become more international by signing international players or scheduling more games outside the United States† (127). Perhaps also with appreciation of the need to incorporate the international players in the MLB teams, MLB deploys incredible endeavors to advertize base ball tournaments in other languages apart from English. As Tainsky and Winfree (2010) argue â€Å"†¦domestic demand is not affected by international players† (p.127). Opposed to long gone perceptions, global perceptions have resulted to immense alteration of fans regards about international players in the MLB. Furthermore, Tainsky and Winfree (2010) indicate, â€Å"The largest negative change in revenue from an international player came in 1985 with a loss of $731,875. In 2000 when the effect peaked teams increased their revenue by $595,632 from an international player†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.127). Based on people’s arguments, increased arise from increased attendance. Location of the major league Location influences the attendance of fans in the Baseball tournaments especially the major leagues. Location is significant since it influences other factors such the capacity of the fans to commute. The influence of location to attendance of major Baseball league concerned Winfree, Mittelhammer and Fort who conducted a â€Å" travel-cost model to analyze the attendance impacts on major league baseball (MLB) of the closest substitute MLB team† (2004, p.2117). Majority of the Baseball leagues own ers complains of the probabilities of experiencing uncertainties in terms of finance in future attributable to imbalances of competition problems. As part of the solution to these problems, people have stood an excellent chance of  making many proposals. One of them is that â€Å"MLB should allow owners to move their teams, especially to larger markets to reduce the imbalance† (Winfree, Mittelhammer Fort, 2004, p.2117). One question surface: Does change of location by virtues of relocating a major Baseball facility to a market with more financial capacity help increasing attendance and hence the revenues to the owners of the facilities? Location carries within itself many other factors that might influence attendance such as the existence of other Baseball teams within the area that might acts as substitutes that would have the net effect of reducing the attendance of a certain MLB. Location is significant in the evaluation of factors that influence the attendance since tr avel cost entangles a cost that Baseball fans have to meet. Arguably, if location needs to be significant, then in case there are two facilities within an area that offers equal utilities amongst fans, then it is widely anticipated that the fans would choose to attend the tournament that is closest to them. In this context, it â€Å"implies that attendance lost to a substitute team should be a functions of the distance to that other substitute† (Tainsky and Winfree, 2004, p.2118). Now, it is essential to ask ourselves how prominent location is in comparison to fans loyalty to their teams. From a different dimension, it is crucial to look at the location and its impacts to the attendance of Baseball leagues as a function of other factors that influence the same. Tainsky and Winfree, (2004) posits that â€Å"The utility of a Baseball fan is a function of the number of visits to baseball stadiums, the quality of the teams, the quality of those stadiums, as well as all other goo ds consumed† (p.2118). It is thus worth to argue that, the dominant factor among all these factor wins in terms of contributing and controlling the fans decision to attend a given Baseball competition. Tainsky and Winfree finding claim, â€Å"A travel cost model is used to explain attendance for MLB teams, 1963–1998. At the sample average variable values, a one-mile increase in distance to a substitute MLB team increases attendance by about 1544 fans† (2004,p.2123). These results indicate that in case a substitute team emerges within the vicinity of an existing team, the attendance of the first team is likely to reduce. However, when this teams assume their market share of fans, â€Å"ongoing attendance impacts are small, even when a team might be placed fairly close to another† (Tainsky and Winfree, 2004, p.2123). Bearing in mind the economic consequences change of the location can have on the fans’ attendance, change of location should encompass o ne of the things that owners of Baseball facilities needs to consider before attempting shift the location of their facilities. However, this does not disregard out the weight of other factors that may contribute towards pre-bargaining for the need of relocation. This is largely justifiable since a good number of fans can be willing to attend tournaments of Baseball teams to which they have developed incredible loyalty towards no matter the commuting costs. Ticket pricing Sport teams have three principal sources of income. These sources are â€Å"sales, of media rights, concession sales and ticket sales† (Meehan, Nelson Richardson, 2007, p.572). As a way of ensuring that sport teams have maximized their profits, the team’s owners need to be in possession of ample knowledge about the relationship, between the attendance and the pricing of the tickets. Pricing tickets at higher prices, from the most general dimension and given that the demand is inflexible, means increa sed revenues and hence profits. On the other hand, increased attendance, even without necessarily increasing ticket prices, means increased revenues. However, is it possible for demand to be inflexible even in the helm of increased ticket prices? As Meehan, Nelson and Richardson (2007, p.572) posit, â€Å"A host of factors influences the demand for sports, including the price of tickets, fan income, the population of the drawing area, team quality, and the age of the stadiums in which teams play†. Each of these factors has different impacts on the attendance. For instance, Meehan, Nelson and Richardson (2007, p.574) claims that â€Å"the sensitivity of attendance to changes in the price of tickets (the elasticity of demand) and to changes in average incomes (the income elasticity) may vary from team to team†. Meehan, Nelson and Richardson’s study investigated 23 MLB teams in 1970 to 2003. They deployed series data to make them be at a point to pin point on certa in factors that had a direct influence on the attendance of Baseball leagues. To this extent, ECM (error correction model) came in handy. The results of the study indicated that ticket pricing was amongst the factors that affected the attendance in the baseball league. Their results contend with other scholarly studies that â€Å"MLB ticket prices are set in the inelastic range of demand† (Meehan, Nelson and Richardson 2007, p.577). Setting ticket prices in any elastic range of demand has the effect of reducing demand and hence revenues in case any adjustments are made on the ticket prices. This is perhaps necessary for the purposes of ensuring that ticket pricing does not result to dwindled demand. Reduced demand is a substantial impediment towards ensuring increment of baseball facilities profitability. Conclusion A number of factors affect the attendance of fans in both major and minor baseball leagues. These factors range from incidences of voicing likelihood of terror at tacks, team quality, top prospects, ticket pricing, and influence of international players, promotions and location of Baseball facilities. Before making any policy, the Baseball facilities owners, consequently, need to put all these factors into consideration since they affect the attendance of the fans differently. This goes hand in hand in determining the future financial position of the Baseball clubs. Reference List Butler, M. (2002). Interleague Play and Baseball Attendance.  Journal of Sports  Economics, 3(4), 320-334. Gifis, L. (2006). Promotions and Attendance in Minor League Baseball. Atlantic  Economic Journal, 34(4), 513. Gitter, S., Rhoads, T. (2010). Determinants of Minor League Baseball Attendance. Journal of Sports Economics, 11(6), 614-628. Gitter, S., Rhoads, T. (2011). Top Prospects and Minor League Baseball Attendance.  Journal of Sports Economics, 12(3), 341-351. Kahane, L., Shmanske, S. (1997). Team roster turnover and attendance in major League Base ball. Applied Economics, 29(4), 425-431. Kalist, E. (2010). Terror Alert Levels and Major League Baseball Attendance. International. Journal of Sport Finance, 5(3), 181-192. Meehan, J., Nelson, R., Richardson, T. (2007). Competitive Balance and Game Attendance in Major League Baseball.  Journal of Sports Economics, 8(6), 563-580. Roy, P. (2008). Impact of New Minor League Baseball Stadiums on Game Attendance. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17(3), 146-153. Tainsky, S., Winfree J. (2010). Discrimination and Demand: The Effect of International Players on Attendance in Major League Baseball. Social Science Quarterly, 91(1), 117-128. Winfree, J., Mittelhammer, R., Fort, R. (2004). Location and Attendance in Major League Baseball. Applied Economics, 36(19), 2117-2124.

Why young people join gangs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Why young people join gangs - Essay Example A gang is a relatively durable, predominantly street-based group of young people who see themselves (and are seen by others) as a discernible group who engage in a range of criminal activity and violence, who identify with or lay claim over territory, have some form of identifying structural feature and are in conflict with other similar gangs (Centre for Social Justice, 2009, p. 21). Youth make a conscious choice to join a gang during adolescence, and multiple personal and environmental factors influence this choice A youth gang can also be defined as a self-formed association of peers having these characteristics: a gang name with recognizable symbols, identifiable leadership, a geographic territory, a regular meeting pattern, and collective actions to carry out illegal activities (Howell, 1997, p. 1). The majority of gang members are male and almost half of them are under the age of 18 years (Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, 2011, p. 2). This research will try to look at the factors and pre-conditions that make gang life an attractive and desirable option to the young people. The themes that will be espoused in the essay will be education and employment, gender, family, poverty ethnicity and peer pressure. The main conclusions to be drawn from the research are that the provision of basic amenities and opportunities will go a long way in preventing young people from engaging in gangs and gang related activities. The social development of a child is rooted in the opportunities, skills and the recognition that builds up through early interactions with family members, friends and teachers (Stefan Hounslea, 2011, p. 9). Education to the progression of a young person is significant. Thornberry discovered that 71.5% of ‘stable gang members’ had dropped out of secondary education compared to 33.6% of non-gang members (Thornberry, 2003, p. 169). He also found that the youth who transitioned smoothly from secondary to

Effect of screening mammography on breast cancer Research Paper

Effect of screening mammography on breast cancer - Research Paper Example This listing of alternative treatments, under the current legal system, must even include the risks and benefits of non-treatment (Marshall, 2005). Despite being clinical screenings, including annual screening mammography and other treatments, being named the most effective method for reducing mortality and detecting early cancers by the United States Preventative Services Task Force (Greco et al., 2009), there is great difficulty in determining the actual efficacy of the technique on mortality rates (Spencer et al., 2004). The difficulty lies in separating the effect of screening on the actual mortality rates of detected cancers versus its effect on the time of detection, what researchers refer to as the lead-time bias (Spencer et al., 2004). Also, any longitudinal study faces the issue that as medical science improves, long-term survival rates for cancer patients improves as well. The sample becomes contaminated as the researchers cannot separate survival due to better screening or due to better treatment (Marshall, 2005). ... d screening mammography is generally done routinely only for women, a perception of its effectiveness should be examined under Madeleine Leininger's theory of transcultural nursing. Women in and of themselves could be considered a cultural group, and they are also subject to high levels of pressures on their behavior due to their cultural environment. Cultural care requires making allowances for the age, ethnic background, and other personal background characteristics of a patient (Hammerschmidt, Zagonel, and Lenardt, 2007). Breast cancer screening effectiveness must be looked at through the eyes of the women in different cultures, generations, racial and ethnic backgrounds, and income brackets (Shyyan et al., 2006; Wujcik et al., 2009), as the usage of screening treatments by all of these women is integral to the success of any study. Research Methodology The determination of effectiveness requires quantitative analysis of numerical data. The literature research method should theref ore focus on finding such statistics, but also ensuring that such statistics are comparable. Data from different age groups, for example, should not be analyzed together without allowances for that variance. CINAHL was searched for articles that contained the phrases â€Å"breast cancer†, â€Å"screening mammography†, and â€Å"breast cancer mortality†. The search was limited to articles since 2001. Additionally, Google Scholar was used to locate articles and information about the Leininger theory of cultural care. All sources used are from peer-reviewed medical and nursing journals to ensure the quality of the research. Review of Literature Two major types of studies exist about screening mammography: attempts to determine, empirically, the success of screening techniques, and the general