Explain the psychological basis for well-being Essay

The literal convey of psychology from its Greek Etymology is employment of the soul. A more coeval definition from Chambers Dictionary is science of the mind or the study of mind and sort. A fuller description is offered by the NHS Psychology is a science based profession and is the study of slew how they think, how they act, move and interact. It is concerned with all aspects of behaviour and the thoughts, find oneselfings and motivation underlying them.The idea that in that respect is a connection between the mind and well universe crapper be traced back to Greek philosophers in the 4th degree Celsius BC. The doctor Hippocrates theorized that mental disorders were of a physical (rather than divine) nature. Aristotle investigated psychological phenomena in De Anima and a somely re later(a)d collection of short ploughs called the Parva Naturalia It seems that traffic patterner(a) Greek Philosophers appreciated that a specialist study of the soul/mind could dish out the medico and natural scientist to better understand human physical existence.Psychology mostly remained as a subset of Philosophy from its Greek origins through and through to the late 16th Century when the latin word psychologia emerged in Germ whatsoever in coition to a separate science of investigation and understanding of the mind.In 1694 the French Philosopher Rene Descartes publish The Passion of the Soul. It introduced the idea of dualism, which asserted that the mind and body were 2 separate entities that interact to form the human experience. This publication directly influenced scientists such as the physician Steven Blankaart (1650 1704) to develop Empiricism within his scientific explore and who is also credited as being the depression author to exercising the English word Psychology.Psychology developed rapidly during the 20th Century and constructed many b atomic number 18-assed disciplines such as Psycho Analysis, Behaviorism, Personal, Developmental, h uman-c recruited and cognitive.The work of Sigmund Freud and his controversial get of Psychoanalysis exerted signifi toilettet influence on the training of 20th Century Psychology, and in sectionalizationicular the Development and constitution Theorists.The mental theories that this essay lead examine in detail arise from 2 different disciplinesHumanist Psychology Abraham Mas hapless Hierarchy of inevitably unit of measurement M2c 1.3 Developmental Psychology Erik Erikson Psycho societal Development A brief study of Elizabeth Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of Grief is also al humbled ind.This essay accepts the definition of wellbeing contained within wellness and hearty c atomic number 18 standards- a subjective spirit level of being cognitive content and healthy. Psychologists generally agree that wellbeing is multi-faceted and made up of a number of comp acents including hearty, Emotional, Cultural, Spiritual, Psychological, Physical, and Environmental. The value of the sel ected Psychological theories is that they bring a archetypeual position for understanding human development and mortalal growth from both Social and of necessitybased perspective. They give, by implication, some ideas to hypothesize about(predicate) a function users look in particular situations. This idea will be explored further at a later point in this essay. Its burning(prenominal), however, to appreciate the dividing line to ones skill and non use a modest knowledge about Psychological scheme to diagnose a proceeds user. Childrens service has access to specialists such as Child Psychologists and sometimes a referral will be the most appropriate and honorablest decision to take.According to humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow, our actions and behaviours ar motivated in order achieve certain require. Maslow first introduced his concept of a hierarchy of packs in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation and his subsequent book Motivation and Personality. This hierarchy suggests that throng ar motivated to fulfill radical needs before move on to other, more advanced needs.This hierarchy is most often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest directs of the pyramid atomic number 18 made up of the most basic needs, while the more complex needs be situated at the top of the pyramid. Needs at the bottom of the pyramid ar basic physical requirements including the need for forage, water, sleep, and rut. Once these lower-level needs founder been met, people john move on to the next level of needs, which atomic number 18 for recourse and pledge As people progress up the pyramid, needs produce increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and intimacy become all eventful(predicate). Further up the pyramid, the need for psycheal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority. Maslow emphasized the grandness of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a soul in order to achi eve individualist potential. Types of NeedsMaslow believed that these needs are similar to instincts and play a major role in propel behaviour. Physiological, security, social, and esteem needs are deficiency needs (also kn avow as D-needs), meaning that these needs arise due to deprivation. Satisfying these lower-level needs is important in order to avoid unpleasant feelings or consequences.Maslow termed the highest-level of the pyramid as growth needs (also known as being needs or B-needs). Growth needs do not stem from a deficiency of something, and rather from a desire to grow as a somebody.Physiological NeedsThese include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food, and sleep. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiologic needs are met.Security NeedsThese include needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for su rvival, yet they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Examples of security needs include a desire for steady employment, health care, safe neighborhoods, and shelter from the environment.Social NeedsThese include needs for belonging, love, and affection. Maslow described theseneeds as slight basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments, and families patron fulfill this need for companionship and adoption, as does troth in social, community, or religious groups.Esteem Needs afterwards the first three needs have been satisfied, esteem needs becomes increasingly important. These include the need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment. self-actualizing NeedsThis is the highest level of Maslows hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and raise fulfilling their poten tial.Maslow subsequently revised his model to include stages of Cognitive and Aesthetic need that precede Self Actualization and Transcendence that follows Self Actualization.While the conjecture is generally portrayed as a clean rigid hierarchy, Maslow noted that the order in which these needs are execute does not always follow this standard progression.For example, he notes that for some individuals, the need for self-esteem is more important than the need for love. For others, the need for creative fulfilment may supersede even the most basic needs.Whilst Maslows surmisal is subject to criticism due to a command of scientific basis, it is free a popular model within Psychology and other field such as Education. Regardless of the criticisms, Maslows hierarchy of needs represents part of an important shift in Psychology. Rather than focusing on irregular behavior and development, Maslows humanistic Psychology was focused on the development of healthy individuals. Returning to the definition of wellbeing, it foundation be seen that Maslow has bring home the bacond a model that recognizes and values the actuality of Social, Emotional, Cultural, Spiritual, Psychological, Physical, and Environmental needs and concerns. The relevance of this model to Social safekeeping is that it separates out individual needs from the usual age- colligate development models such as Attachment Theory, and Psychodynamic models of Personality Development. It provides the practician with a simple tool to review the care that is being planned or provided for any age service user.For example do we know that the service user has all of their physiological needs met? Can we be certain they have enough food to eat and somewhere appropriate to sleep? Do we know that their basic drives to eat, drink, sleep and excrete are all working(a) normally? If the dish out is YES the practitioner can move up the pyramid and consider the service users safety needs. If the answer is NO t he immediate priority will to cast basic physiological needs before considering anything else. This is certainly the experience of Camilla Batmanghelidj, chief operating officer of the highly respected charity Kids Company, who understands that all children need love, food, safety and warmth before expecting them to do anything else. A practitioner experienced in working with Looked After Children will recognize that Esteem Needs are frequently an influence within the young person. It is childlikely recognised that LAC have low levels of self esteem and self confidence which in turn impress on their Cognitive (Academic) experiences. Maslow provides a very(prenominal) useful model toestablish Outcomes related to Social needs in order to create a stronger foundation for Esteem needs. Maslow, in this respect, chimes with common palpate. How can we expect a young person to do well academically if they have low self esteem and do not feel love and wanted in their social world?Masl ow clearly reads that wellbeing has a Psychological basis and provides the practitioner with a model to develop convinced(p) outcomes for individuals. Erik Erikson Psychosocial Development. alike known as the 8 stages of Development.Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freuds theory of psychosexual stages, Eriksons theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole sustenancespan. unrivaled of the main elements of Eriksons psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experiences and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. When psychologists talk about identity, they are referring to all of the beliefs, ideals, and values that help shape and guide a persons behavior. The formation of identity is something that begins in childhood and becomes particularly important during adolescence, but it is a process that continues throughout life. Our personal identity delivers distributively of us an integrated and cohesive sense of self that endures and continues to grow as we age.In addition to ego identity, Erikson also believed that a sense of competence motivates behaviors and actions. Each stage in Eriksons theory is concerned with befitting competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery, which is sometimes referred to asego strength or ego feel. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Eriksons view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quali ty or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure. Each stage builds upon the successful completion of to begin with stages. The challenges of stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear as problems in the future.However, mastery of a stage is not required to advance to the next stage. Eriksons stage theory characterizes an individual locomote through the eight life stages as a function of negotiating his or her biological forces and sociocultural forces. Erikson believed that the stages of a persons development are linked to their social and cognitive development rather then being purely led by their physical needs. He was also interested in how the culture and society an individual lives in could influence their development.The following(a) table, sourced from summarises the 8 Developmental Stages the Basic betrothal that is to be mastered authorized Events of the Stage and the potential Outcomes.One enduring value of Eriksons theory is that it illuminates why individuals who have been thwarted in the healthy resolution of early phases (such as in learning healthy levels of arrogance and autonomy in toddlerhood) can experience such difficulty when the same Basic Conflict arises at later developmental stages. This is very apparent to practitioners working with Looked After Children who have been badly let down by care givers in their first years of life. There is frequently an issue of mistrust towards an individualpractitioner and the entire service that is providing their care and support. It is widely recognized that the trust that may have taken weeks to establish can be incapacitated in an instant. Eriksons theory can provide an insight into the behavior of service users. For example disruptive behavior linked to new social or academic situations may indicate earlier issues in the attention/Inferiority Stage. The skillful practitioner may wi sh to be evocative to always encourage and commend the young person for their accomplishments and abilities and ensure that colleagues and teachers are also involved in this process. The purpose will be to help the young person to develop a belief in their own competence rather than continue to feel a failure and inferior. Eriksons theory also provides a useful guide to assess warmth practices in harm of their ability to nurture and facilitate healthy steamy and cognitive development.Erikson clearly demonstrates that wellbeing has a Psychological basis and provides the practitioner with a model to develop positive outcomes for individuals.Elizabeth Kubler-Ross was a Swiss American medical practitioner and psychiatrist. She was a pioneer in near finis studies and the author of a ground breaking book On demise and Dying (first published 1969). The book discussed her theory of 5 Stages of Grief. Kubler-Ross was born in 1926 and died in 2004.The 5 stages of grief is a hypothesis w hich argues that when a person is faced with the reality of impending death or other extreme, horrific fate, he or she will experience a series of horny stages denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. The stages are popularly known by the acronym DABDA. The hypothesis was elysian by her workwith terminally ill patients. Motivated by the lack of curriculum in medical schools, at the time, addressing the subject of death and dying, Kubler-Rossstarted a project about death when she became an instructor at the University of Chicagos medical school. This evolved into a series of seminars those interviews, along with her previous research, led to her book. Her work revolutionized how the U.S. medical field took care of the terminally ill. In the decades since her books publication, Kubler-Ross concept has become largely accepted by the general public however, its validity has yet to be consistently supported by the volume of research studies that have examined it.Kbler-Ro ss noted that these stages are not meant to be a complete list of all possible emotions that could be felt, and, they can occur in any order. Her hypothesis holds that not everyone who experiences a serious/-altering event feels all five of the responses, as reactions to personal losses of any kind are as unique as the person experiencing them.The 5 stages includeDenial I feel fine. This cant be happening, not to me. Denial is usually only a temporary demur for the individual. This feeling is generally replaced with heightened awareness of possessions and individuals that will be left back after death. Denial can be conscious or unconscious mind refusal to accept facts, information, or the reality of the situation. Denial is a defense chemical mechanism and some people can become locked in this stage. Kubler Ross recommends that family members and health professionals not prolong denial by distorting the truth about the persons condition. In doing so, they prevent the dying pe rson from adjusting to impending death and delay necessary arrangements, for social supports, for bringing closure, and for making decisions about medical interventions. fire Why me? Its not fair How can this happen to me? Who is to file? Once in the second stage, the individual recognizes that denial cannot continue. Because of anger, the person is very difficult to care for due to misplaced feelings of rage and envy. Anger can manifest itself in different ways. spate can be hot with themselves, or with others, and in particular those who are close to them. It is important to remain thoughtless and nonjudgmental when dealing with a person experiencing anger from grief.Bargaining Ill do anything for a few more years. I will give my life savings if The third stage involves the hope that the individual can somehow postpone or delay death. Usually, the negotiation for an extended life is made with a higher power in exchange for a reformed lifestyle. Psychologically, the indivi dual is saying, I understand I will die, but if I could just do something to buy more time People facing less serious trauma can bargain or seek to negotiate a compromise. For example Can we still be friends?.. when facing a break-up. Bargaining rarely provides a sustainable solution, especially if its a matter of life or death. Depression Im so sad, why bother with anything? Im exhalation to die soon so whats the point? I miss my loved one, why go on?During the fourth stage, the grieving person begins to understand the certainty of death. Because of this, the individual may become silent, refuse visitors and give much of the time crying and grieving. This process allows the dying person to gulf from things of love and affection. It is not recommended to attempt to cheer up an individual who is in this stage. It is an important time for grieving that must be processed. Depression could be referred to as the dress rehearsal for the aftermath. It is a kind of acceptance with abla ze attachment. Its natural to feel sadness, regret, fear, and uncertainty when going through this stage. Feeling those emotions shows that the person has begun to accept the situation. Acceptance Its going to be okay. I cant fight it, I may as well prepare for it. In this last stage, individuals begin to come to terms with their mortality, or that of a loved one, or other tragic event. This stage varies according to the persons situation. People dying can enter this stage a long time before the people they deviate behind, who must pass through their own individual stages of dealing with the grief.Kbler-Ross originally developed this model based on her observations ofpeople ugly from terminal illness. She later expanded her theory to apply to any form of catastrophic personal loss, such as the death of a loved one, the loss of a job or income, major rejection, the end of a relationship or divorce, or drug addiction. Supporting her theory, many (both sufferers and therapists) have reported the usefulness of the Kbler-Ross Model in a wide variety of situations where people were experiencing a signicant loss. The application of the theory is intend to help the sufferer to fully resolve each stage, then help them transition to the next at the appropriate time rather than getting stuck in a particular phase or continually gamy around from one unresolved phase to another. The subsections below give a few specic examples of how the model can be applied in different situations. These are just some of the many benets that Kbler-Ross hoped her model would provide.The value of the Kubler-Ross Model for the social care practitioner is, as with Ericsson and Maslow, to provide a useful framework to to better understand the behavior and emotional reality of a service user. Furthermore, it is intended to be a collaborative model that the practitioner and the service user can discuss together. certaintyAll of the Theories demonstrate that wellbeing has a Psychological ba sis. They each demonstrate that a subjective stage of being content and healthy is related to the history of a persons life and their current situation. They provide the creative practitioner with a framework to better understand the behavior of a service user and are therefore better equipped to consider their immediate and long term care to ensure positive outcomes.Bibliographyhttp//www.nhscareers.nhs.uk/explore-by-career/psychological-therapies/careers-inpsychological-therapies/psychologist/http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/arist otle-psychology/7http//psychclassics.yorku.ca/Krstic/marulic.htmhttp//psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychistory.htm http//psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/u/psychology-theories.htm http//www.ekrfoundation.org/five-stages-of-grief/