Sunday, March 31, 2019

Literature Review on Preconception Counseling and Education

Literature Review on Pre caprice counsel and EducationReview of literature is an essential step in the increase of a research project. It helps the researcher to design the proposed lead in a scientific manner. So as to achieved the desired result.In this chapter the researcher forget present the review of literature in the following heading.Section-I Studies relate to grandeur of unfairness counseling and wellness bringing up.Section-II Studies related to Knowledge and position regarding unfairness make verboten.Section-III Studies related to Use of vitamin supplements prior to maternity.Section-IV Studies related to Health sentiency and promotional material on bias careSection-V Studies related to Betty Neumanns system laySECTION-I STUDIES tie in TO PRECONCEPTION COUNSELLING AND HEALTH EDUCATIONBastani, Hashemi, Bastani, Haghani., (2010) conducted a lease, among the women attending premarital clinics in Iran which was aimed to assess the impact of a health educa tion store on their health locus of supremacy and self-efficacy in visible activity. randomised manageled trial was enjoymentd as the design for the theatre. A questionnaire was utilise originally and after the intervention. There were signifi green goddesst increases in scores of internal health locus of control and self-efficacy in the experimental group that is among the 109 haves in the post-intervention. Compared to the control group that is among 101 samples. Short-term health education can pass the women to adapt to the healthy lifestyles.Berghella,Buchanan, Pereira, Baxter., (2010) conducted study on the avail subject literature, on bias care. They have searched in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and PUBMED from 1966 until January 2009. The target audience was Obstetricians Gynecologists, Family Physicians and adolescence. When they completed the educational programme, the musician was having acquaintance to assess the potential benefits for women and their bab y that which results from the prejudice care.Jong-Potjer LC de, Elsinga, et.al., (2006) conducted a study on Preconception rede can boil down negative pregnancy problems by finding the guess factors before pregnancy in Netherlands. randomize trial of women aged 18-40years were engaged as sample in the study. The concern level was assessed among the women. After the Preconception care there was strand an just decrease of 3.6 points in anxiety-levels (95% CI, 2.4 4.8). Mean scores of the STAI-3 were 38.5 (95% CI 37.7 39.3) in the control group (n = 1090) and 38.7 (95% CI 37.9 39.5) in the intervention group (n = 1186). Study be that anxiety reduced after participation due to the effect of steering. therefore the offer of Preconception counselling to the general population is impressive to reduce anxiety.SECTION-II STUDIES RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE REGARDING THE PRECONCEPTION businessCoonrod, Bruce, Malcolm, Drachman, Frey., (2009) conducted a study to find out the knowledge and attitudes regarding preconception care in a low-income Mexican American population. A cross-sectional survey was used and the sample size was 305. 89% agree that improving preconception health benefits pregnancy. 77% expressed some interest in preconception health care. Areas of high up knowledge included were the folic acidulous use in pregnancy use of alcohol and verbal, physical, and sexual abuse. The samples showed interest in the preconception education and agreed that preconception health will have positive effect on pregnancy outcomes.Maria , Morgan Debra Hawks, et.al., (2006) conducted a study to describe obstetrician-gynecologists opinions regarding preconception care. The Questionnaire was send out to 1105 ACOG members. 60% was the response number. 87% of the gynecologists think that preconception counselling is outstanding and 94% think that it should be always recommend to the women planning for pregnancy. most 34% thought their patients do not pl an for their pregnancies and 49% express very few pregnant patients came for preconception counselling. Of those who obtain preconception counselling, 83% were believed to assure a healthy pregnancy because of an elevated risk for yield defects (20%).Janis Biermann, Anne Lang Dunlop, et.al., (2006) conducted cardinal program focusing the urban African-American women which has included the interconception care also. Project was aimed to reduce the key risks in the women of childbearing age. 7 out of 21 women in the IPC were identified as having a previous chronic disease. 21 out of 21 women have developed a productive plan for themselves, and they didnt become pregnant within 9 months. The success rate of the project was greater than 70% among the participants. Preconception care appeared to be effective when specific risk factors were identified and interventions were abandoned appropriately.SECTION-III STUDIES RELATED TO USE OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS preceding TO THE PREGNANCYC arl J, Hill, DA., (2009) did a study that womens diet should be supplemented with 400 microgram folic acid every day which helps in reducing neural thermionic valve defects in their babies up to 72%. Blood glucose should be controlled prior to conception helps in reducing the birth defects and pregnancy loss. Reducing the caffeine using up can reduce the risk of miscarriage. Counselling was given for women in these areas and found to be effective.Morgan LM, Major JL, Meyer RE, Mullenix A., (2009) proved that use of 400 mcg of folic acid among non-pregnant females of childbearing age in the Western North Carolina reduced the risk of neural tube defects by 50%-80. To the non-pregnant women free bottle of multivitamins was given to increase the consumption. The daily use multivitamin was increased after receiving a free three month supply.Weerd de, Sabina Thomas, Chris, Cikot, Rolf, Steegers, Eric., (2002) conducted a study to assess whether counselling the women who plans for pregna ncy to start or to continue the folic acid supplementation can improves folate location. Women and their partners who have reported folic acid supplement intake were categorized as users or nonusers of supplements. The use of folic acid intake was addressed at a subsequent preconceptional consultation. Differences between reported supplement users and nonusers before counselling as well as between assumed users and nonusers of folic acid were analyzed. A total of 111 eligible women participated. Preconceptional folic acid use can improves the folate status among women planning to conceive.SECTION-IV STUDIES RELATED TO HEALTH AWARENESS AND PROMOTION OF PRECONCEPTION CAREVause, Jones, Evans, Wilkie, Leader., (2009) conducted a study whether counselling before conception is important. After completing the knowledge survey the woman was sent for initial assessment. 400 surveys were used for the data analysis. Patients were informed about the health optimization, consumption of folic a cid, exposure to morbific disease, use of medication and use of recreational drug. Nulliparous women were found less knowledgeable. The to a greater extent educated women had more knowledge. It was suggested that the women need their physicians to educate about pre-pregnancy lifestyle.Delvoye, Guillaume, Collard, Nardella, Hannecart, Mauroy., (2009) conducted a study regarding preconception health promotion. The study results showed that preconception care was not able to provide when pregnancy was unplanned. The study proposes flour fortification with folic acid punctual immunization, continuous training of health care providers in the provision of preconception cares.Delgado CE., (2008) done a study to assess undergraduate student cognisance regarding preconception health. In the study 241 students were included as the sample. A questionnaire was intentional to assess awareness related to preconception health and pregnancy. By respond 64% the students showed a mild to moderat e level of awareness regarding preconception care. Individual student scores varied a great deal, ranging from 33% to 89% correct. Students who had previous such course containing information on pregnancy and/or child development correctly answered a greater component of items than those who had not taken such a course. Females had statistically significantly, higher awareness scores than males. Students demonstrated a high level of awareness for use of substance, a moderate level of awareness for sexually transmitted diseases and preconception care, and lower levels of awareness for folic acid, prenatal development, health, and pregnancy spacing.SECTION-V STUDIES RELATED TO BETTY NEUMANNS SYSTEM good exampleDeepa Thomas, (1998) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of instructional module on knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls in selected schools in Trivandrum. In her study she used Betty Newmans System model (1989) for creating awareness regard ing menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls.Stressors in her study were hormonal, physical and psychosocial changes and the existing superstitions and lack of knowledge of adolescent girls and the reaction was poor menstrual hygiene and maladjustment. She used two interventions in her study. The primary saloon was done by using the instructional module for providing education to the adolescent girls regarding menarche, development of secondary sexual characteristics and menstrual hygiene. In her study the secondary prevention was detection of unhygienic practices and education to correct the practices. The reconstitution in her study was the better adjustment and better hygiene.Alpha.G., (2008) conducted a study to find the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge and attitude regarding changes related to puberty and menstrual hygiene among prepubertal girls in selected schools, at Salem. In her study she used Betty Newmans System model (1989) for creating awar eness regarding menstrual hygiene among prepubertal girls.Stressors in her study were the physical and psychosocial changes related to puberty. She used one intervention in her study. The primary prevention was done through structured teaching programme on changes related to puberty and menstrual hygiene. The reconstitution in her study was the better knowledge and attitude towards pubertal changes and menstrual hygiene.

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